Gender of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender of art - Essay Example The two males are putting on suits, with the groom donning a black coat, white shirt and a yellow tie, and on the right side of the coat’s lapel, there is a yellow flower. The other male is donning a blue jacket, with a white shirt and a maroon tie and a light maroon pocket-handkerchief on the top left pocket of the jacket. On the lower left side of the painting is a woman who seems to be having mixed feelings as she seems to be grinning while at the same time her grin has a mild sadness to it with the eyes closed. The man seated on the left shows content in his facial expression while the younger girl on the lower right side of the painting seems to be cynical of the whole ceremony being portrayed in the painting as shown by her gaze fixed away from the main theme. The faintly painted entrance or exit on the background acts as a reference point indicating the physical location or context of the scenario, which in this case an indoor private ceremony given the few number of pe ople portrayed by the painting. This analysis of the geographical context of the painting is further augmented by the flowers Strause has included on the lower left side next to the seated woman. ... Strause uses well-defined and bold lines, which appear carefully planned to paint the figures of people in the artwork, indicating her precision and accuracy in painting. The background has shades of light green, blue and white which seem to have been done in a manner to portray them as if they were left unfinished. Items on the surface in front of the female figure on the lower left of the painting have also been painted as if left unfinished. The artist has used a variety of techniques in applying oil paint in the artwork, as some subjects in the painting appear carefully planned leaving no spaces while in other instances, the artists application of the oil paint on canvas appears to be more inconsistent and seems to have been done in alacrity. This shows enthusiasm of the artist in her work while on the other hand application of the paint with careful planning creates a feeling of easiness and patience. As I sit and view this artwork, my eyes are occasionally veer from the pair of scissors and the rope tied in a knot on the left top and right top of the painting respectively to the focal point around the wedding couple cutting what appears to be a wedding cake. This movement happens mainly because of the bold lines the artist has applied in painting the two objects at the top and the color intensity of the bride and grooms costumes. The pair of scissors and the knot are standing out since the artists has painted them in a manner that makes them appear isolated from the other subjects in the piece while the focal point, that is the wedding couple have been painted using very intense colors as seen with the groom who is donning a black suit. The

Dangers of Passive Smoking Essay Example for Free

Dangers of Passive Smoking Essay The topic chosen for the environmental factor that poses a threat to the health or safety of infant is secondhand smoke. According to the center for disease control and prevention, Secondhand smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles that includes smoke from a burning tobacco product such as a cigarette, cigar, smoke that has been exhaled or breathed out by the person or people smoking. The parent I shared the pamphlet with is a 25year old African American mother of a 5year old male child. She has a high school diploma, single mother and works as a clerical associate in a private institution. The objective of the pamphlet was to educate her on the need to be aware of the danger of second hand smoke to her child, to make her environment as smoke free as possible and to know the resources out there for use when needed. The importance of the pamphlet was also explained to her because it can be used as a source for information or an avenue to reach out to resources, to know the effects of secondhand smoke. The effects of secondhand smoke to her child such asthma, ear infections, breathing problems, bronchitis and sudden infant death syndrome was also included to enhance her knowledge. During the interaction, she was very receptive of teaching, eager to learn, she also asked questions which were relevant to the topic that was discussed. She is not a smoker, but was concerned about the safety of her child because the neighbors in her apartment building smoke, sometimes in front of her building. The need to remove her child from the area as much as possible when the smoking is going on was stressed, she has a pediatrician that the child goes to for checkup. Understanding of the pamphlet by the parent was demonstrated by the relevant questions she asked such as how to protecting her child from secondhand smoke, and what type of illness occur from secondhand smoke , answers were provided to the questions from evidenced-based research. My impression of the experience is an exciting one and it went well, but there is always room to improve because nursing is a continuous process, and the feeling that I am putting my skill of educating the parent to better care for her ch ild and to protect the child as much as possible.

Risk Management Analysis Essay -- Business Management

This assignment will discuss the theoretical basis of financial risk, because managers need to be aware that financial risk its present in all sectors of activity so that they can run business efficiently and take advantageous investment choices, considering the different types of financial risk relevant to the current economic climate, as well as evaluating the methods available to business for managing, and by observing a case study where risk management has possibly failed. Risk is the doubt about future gains or losses, thus such doubts reveal that some future expectation and their impact cannot be predicted Chorafas (2008). Markowitz cited in Brigham, Gapenski and Ehrhardt (1999), argues that the portfolio theory can get high expected returns on investment with low levels of risk. therefore, risk can be spread and consequently eradicated so does not concern investors, thus the only worrying risk for managers , is the market risk which cannot be eliminated. However, Arnold (2002), suggest that this fails to assert that portfolio risk does not need to be considered, thus resulting with a problem with the theory, because it uses historic data returns to support decision making about potential investments, and as risk is about uncertainty is difficult to calculate future events, therefore this theory may have gaps. Alternatively Brigham et al. (1999), argues that the CAPM model establishes a causal relation between risk and return on assets, where investors have the same expectations about the expected return and there are no transaction costs and taxes. However, Pike and Neale (1999) suggest that some concerns may occur related to the validity of this model because there are transaction costs and taxes which are sources o... ... Hillson, D., & Murray-Webster, R. (2007).  ´Ã‚ ´Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude ´Ã‚ ´. ( 2nd ed.). England: Gower Publishing Limited. Hamada, R. S., Bain, G., & Gerrity, T. P. (1998).  ´Ã‚ ´ Mastering Finance: single-source guide to becoming a master of Finance ´Ã‚ ´. England: Pearson education: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Neale, B., & McElroy, T. (2004).  ´Ã‚ ´Business Finance: A Value-Based Approach ´Ã‚ ´. England: Pearson Education; Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Pike, R., & Neale, B.(1999). Corporate finance and investment : decisions and strategies. London ; New York : Prentice Hall. Voon-Choony, Yap., Hway-Boon, Ong., Kok-Thim, Chan., & Yueh-Sin, Ang. (2010). European Journal of Economy Finance and Administration Science.  ´Ã‚ ´Factors Affecting Bank ´s Risk Expoujiusure: Evidence from Malaysia ´Ã‚ ´. Issue 19, retrieved from: http://www.eurojournals.com/ejefas_19_09.pdf

Biology 2160: Test Questions

Question 1 5 out of 5 points The nutrients fall into ______ classes Answer Selected Answer: 3. 6 Correct Answer: 3. 6 †¢Question 2 5 out of 5 points The most energy-rich of the nutrients is: Answer Selected Answer: 2. fat Correct Answer: 2. fat †¢Question 3 5 out of 5 points All of the following nutrients are organic EXCEPT: Answer Selected Answer: 1. minerals Correct Answer: 1. minerals †¢Question 4 0 out of 5 points Effects of physical activity on the body include all of the following EXCEPT: Answer Selected Answer: 5. all of the following are effects of physical activity Correct Answer: 1. decreased bone density Question 5 5 out of 5 points Carbohydrate and protein each contain __ calories in a gram. Answer Selected Answer: 2. 4 Correct Answer: 2. 4 †¢Question 6 5 out of 5 points The abundance of types of foods today has made it: Answer Selected Answer: 1. more difficult to plan a nutritious diet Correct Answer: 1. more difficult to plan a nutritious diet †¢Question 7 5 out of 5 points Your family always has rice available at every meal, just as it has been for every generation. This is an example of ____ of food selection. AnswerSelected Answer: 1. cultural tradition Correct Answer: 1. cultural tradition †¢Question 8 5 out of 5 pointsA study conducted in several countries where a high intake of fish and a low intake of animal fat were correlated with a low rate of breast cancer death is an example of a(n): Answer Selected Answer: 1. epidemiological study Correct Answer: 1. epidemiological study †¢Question 9 0 out of 5 points Scientists have developed a new type of margarine containing plant ingredients they think will lower blood cholesterol levels in people who use the margarine. They want to test this by having some people use the new margarine for a while and then compare their cholesterol levels with those of a group of people who use regular margarine.This is an example of what type of research design? Answer Selected Answer: 4. laboratory study Correct Answer: 3. intervention study †¢Question 10 5 out of 5 points The main purpose of the national research projects, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), is to: Answer Selected Answer: 2. determine what the nutrient and dietary intakes of the population in our country are Correct Answer: 2. determine what the nutrient and dietary intakes of the population in our country are

Leadership Case Study: Steve Jobs Essay

1. Steve Jobs had an extremely high interest in being in charge, so to start off with his leader-follower element, he most definitely settles in better on the leader end of the spectrum. Jobs was so far in the leadership end of the spectrum that he had actually been removed from his CEO position in 1985 for being unmanageable. Being one of the most charismatic leaders in the industry has helped him develop his leadership traits through his time with Apple, NeXT, and Pixar. He has always been determined even when Apple took him out of the equation, where he went off to make some of our childhood staples such as Toy Story and gained an enormous share of stock with Disney, which was actually more than he ever owned with Apple. His influence spans across five different industries, which is more than almost any CEO can say that they have done in their entire life. His influence spanned across the computer industry, Hollywood and the movie industry, the wireless phone industry with the IPh one, the retailing industry, and my personal favorite being the music industry where ITunes has innovated the very distribution of music itself. To the point, Steve always seemed to get what he wanted when it came to influencing these many industries. As for organizational objectives, Jobs always wanted to create a product that the customer wanted but almost didn’t even know they wanted or conceive the product in a thought, the IPod being a prime example of this. If Jobs didn’t like the outcome of a product, he sent it back to the drawing board. Jobs and his members shared the goals to create new things they wanted, in the hopes that the customer would too. Change is a huge aspect of the way Jobs leads, all he wants to do is create technologically changing products that he and his customers really want. The constantly updating technology, yet always user friendly interface is Apples motto now a days. Steve’s people skills were apparently not the greatest, but as long as a subordinate shared in his vision of wanting to create and innovate like he did, then Apple would succeed. His people tended to respect him for the way he went about inventing new products and never wanting to fall short on anything. 2. The leadership skills that Steve Jobs possessed that made himself as well as his companies so successful were due his combination of the technical, interpersonal, and decision-making skills he possessed. Keeping up with the  latest technology in the tech industry is an absolute necessity, and Steve and Apple not only kept up with the industry but innovated it every step of the way, so his technical skills were very important. Steve’s interpersonal skills were not conventional in the regular sense of the meaning, but he had his own way of developing relationships and gaining the respect of his subordinates who wished to share in his vision of giving people products that they didn’t even know they wanted. He was sure to consistently communicate this point to his employees, and motivating was one of his key qualities, such as in his key note speeches to his customers to unveil new products every year. Lastly, and what I believe to be his most important skill that he possesses, is his decision-making skills. Jobs was able to come back to Apple and make the necessary decisions to bring it out of bankruptcy by changing the corporate culture back to an entrepreneurial environment to be the innovative company it once was. Critical thinking was a big part of his life, and Steve was known to take walks alone in an almost trance like state where he would be identifying problems and changes in the industry, know where opportunities lied, and would critically think to come up with creative ideas to be the leader and innovator in so many industries. 3. Under the interpersonal managerial leadership roles section, I believe that Steve fell under the category of figurehead and leader roles in this section. Steve was the go to speaker at the key note speeches of unveiling products, and he always had a sense of spirit about him that really made the customer believe in how much he loves the product they just unveiled, and how much Steve believed that the customer would love the product. Steve also continuously performed the leader role by giving instructions of the creation of products, why the company should head in a certain direction, or evaluating performance of research and development of new products. If Steve didn’t want to personally use it, chances are it was thrown in the trash and it was back to the drawing board. As far as the informational role category, I believe that Steve was in the monitor role as well as the spokesperson role. Steve was constantly gathering information and attending meetings in and out of the organization to create new and innovative products. As for the spokesperson role, as I have stated previously, he was the charismatic leader that was the face and spirit of what Apple was all about, and he had  the customer falling in love with a completely innovative product before they had seen anything like it before. As far as his decisional role, he was the company’s main entrepreneur as well as the main disturbance handler when Apple came to him on the verge of bankruptcy. New and improved products and services is Apple’s core belief thanks to Jobs, and his combination of these two roles saved the company single handed thanks to Steve’s enthusiasm and passion of innovation. His decisional roles that he played were by far his most important contributions since he not only saved the company from bankruptcy but also made it the innovative leader in technology for the last 20 years. 4. The primary level of analysis that this case focuses on is the organizational level of analysis. The focus is on how Steve Jobs can influence the entire organization of people to get on top of their game and to constantly be looking for change to innovate new products. He influenced the behaviors, work ethic, and productivity of all of his employees. He individually was able to completely turn the company around from bankruptcy because of the tactics he would use to influence perfection. His mind set was one way, always towards the next best product, and if he didn’t like it then the idea was scrapped. While some of his employees did not quite agree with the angry fits that Steve would have, even the employees that ended up quitting still said there was a sense of respect for what Steve was doing and his passion for it. Steve’s passion resonated throughout the entire organization, and the simple fact that his views of how the innovation culture at the workplace helpe d save it from bankruptcy shows his abilities. Saving Apple was not an easy task, but he was able to accomplish it. 5. The four leadership theory classifications that apply to this case are trait, behavior, contingency, and integrative. Steve’s trait paradigm involves how he acts in the environment of the organization, which included high energy levels at work whether it was anger or passion. It also included his appearance, which he appeared as an angry guy who wanted nothing but perfection, but also showed passion through it all. He was always able to persuade in his own ways, and he always showed his dominance in the workplace, which unfortunately ended up in his initial removal from Apple,  but proved extremely useful in his later years. The behavior paradigm applied in the way that Steve was extremely focused on certain tasks at hand, and the way he is always the biggest critic of any and all products being proposed or worked on in the company. The way that Steve Jobs contributed behaviorally in this case was by controlling his subordinates and demanding perfection every step of the way. The contingency paradigm shows that leadership style is situational, and even though people tended to dislike the way Jobs lead, he ran the organization into its most successful and profitable years, saving it from demise. The most relevant paradigm in my opinion is the integrative paradigm. Since it incorporates portions from the other three theories, I believe that it can be used to describe the charismatic, passion filled leadership qualities that Jobs possessed. He was able to inspire his employees and everyone was always enthusiastic once the levels of productivity they had put in resulted in a noteworthy product everyone will love. 6. Since the passing of Steve Jobs, this seems to be a question that is on everyone’s mind, from employee to shareholder to customer. While it is a scary thought, something tells me that the passion and vision that Jobs was able to give to the organization in the last decade he worked their contributed to the current mentality of a lot of the current top level managers still working there. It has become an atmosphere at Apple that they should only create products that would be worthy of a Jobs stamp of approval, and I personally do not think the organizational paradigm would shift after such an influential human being has put so much effort and soul into a company as Steve has done for Apple. Apple is the leading household name for so many different technologies, they have changed the music industry forever, and have an absolutely absurd amount of cash on hand to fund whatever types of projects they need to be sure they are constantly on top of the industry. While the technolo gy industry is one of the most fast paced changing industries with constant improvements in hardware and software, I do not see Apple falling behind to the point that they will not recover again.

A Look At Mein Kampf essays

A Look At Mein Kampf essays I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 4 V. CONCLUSION.............................................................11 Throughout written history there have been a select few that through works, circumstance, or a combination of both, will remain on the minds and hearts of people for centuries to come. Incredibly this honor is not reserved only for those who symbolize love, kindness, and everything we should strive to be. We also have a morbid fascination with those who represent everything in our nature that is dark and cold. The only parallel that can be drawn between the two, is the uncanny familiarity with and utilization of certain human emotions, like a farmer harvesting only a few seeds, leaving the rest of the crop stunted or withered. For example, Jesus Christ harvested only love and compassion, leaving hates and fear stunted. Others were driven only by fear and hate. One such person is the subject of this paper; the subject is Adolph Hitler. It is my belief that what a person is willing to share publicly is a restrained expression of the depth of their emotions on a subject. At leas t that is the case with politicians like Hitler. Hitlers book Mein Kampf offers incredible insight into his beliefs and aspirations. I would like to share what I have taken form she study of this book, from both what is read and what is inferred. Adloph Hitler was born in the small town of Braunau-on-the Inn in the country of Austria. His father was a civil servant, and his mother a housewife. It seems obvious from the title of the first chapter of Mein Kampf In The Home Of My Parents, that Hitler is trying to belittle the fact that his birthplace is not Germany. And seemingly for those who may frown upon this, in several chapters he attests that Austria is synonymous with Germany and should be seen as such. Hitler also speaks about his earily fascination with ecclesiastic...

Health Overview - Asthma essays

Health Overview - Asthma essays Asthma is a disease of the airways of the lungs, which is characterized by increased sensitivity of the airways to a variety of triggers. It is generally an episodic disease, i.e., acute attacks followed by symptoms free periods. Though most attacks are generally short lived, sometimes-serious conditions occur in which severe asthma is unrelieved for many hours or even days. Asthma occurs in all age groups, but is found to be more common in children. It tends to affect both sexes equally. If a person has asthma, their trachea and bronchial tubes become more sensitive. It is when they are more irritated does the muscles and the lining constrict more easily. There are two types of asthma, allergic and idiosyncratic. Allergic asthma is often associated with personal or family history of other types of allergic diseases like hay fever, rhinitis, and eczema. The offending agents causing asthma include environment and air pollution, certain drugs like aspirin, occupational factors such as working with animal skins, and chemicals, infections of the chest or upper respiratory tract can bring about an acute attack of asthma and even exercise and emotional stress. The most characteristic features of asthma are breathlessness, cough and wheezing. The attack often occurs at night but may also occur abruptly due to one of the precipitating factors I mentioned above. Another example of the effects of having an asthma attack is feeling as if someone has thrown a blanket over your head and you are unable to uncover your self. Things like tingling in your fingers and toes is due to one hyperventilating during an asthma attack. Today, in the United States and Australia, an estimated five percent of adults and ten percent of children suffer from the condition. In the UK, the number of new cases of adult onset and childhood asthma amount to a total of nearly three million people. Increased air pollution and other factors associated with 21st centur...

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poe's Ligeia Although the movement began more than 130 years ago, readers today are still trying to define the highly complex genre known as  American Romanticism. Understanding the meaning of the literary period is challenging. Romanticism in America consisted of several common themes that questioned earlier ideas of  literature,  art, and philosophy. This feature will discuss Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia (1838) to demonstrate how one writer uses  supernatural themes than the more traditional, classical themes of the 18th century. Ligeia's Unusual Beauty Not only does Ligeias unusual beauty represent a reoccurring theme throughout the story, but the text portrays Poes method of rejecting the ordinary, a common theme in past literature, while still promoting the ideas of Romanticism. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, the fair-haired, the blue-eyed, by comparing her to Ligeia whose features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen. Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeias beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. Poe clearly rejects classical beauty by killing off Rowena and having Ligeia, the heroine and the personification of Romantic beauty, live on through Rowenas body. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: She came and departed as a shadow. He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a strange mystery. Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large expressive eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race. The rejection of the classical values and the welcoming of the supernatural through unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poes bias towards Romantic themes particularly since the narrator describes her eyes and voice further as which at once so delighted and appalled meby the almost magical melody, modulation, distinctness, and placidity of her low voice. In this statement, Ligeia almost frightens the narrator because of her grotesque and supernatural qualities. He cannot explain what he sees, but in Romanticism, many times the writers threw out the rational and replaced it with the irregular and unexplained. When Did We Meet? Another contradiction of the narrators relationship with Ligeia is how he cannot explain how he knows her, or when and where they met. I cannot, for my soul, remember how, when, or even precisely where, I first became acquainted with the lady Ligeia. Why is it that Ligeia has taken away his recollection? Consider how unusual this episode is since most people can remember the smallest details of meeting their true love. It seems that she almost has control over him. Then, her love for him demonstrates more Romantic themes of the supernatural since she returns from the dead through Rowena. Often, Romanticist literature tried to disconnect itself with past literary styles by adding a theme of unusual remoteness concerning time and space. For example, Ligeias identity has no clear beginning or end. This fact clearly demonstrates another example of this excessive, irregular, and unexplained style of writing commonly found in Romanticist literature. We never know how the narrator meets Ligeia, where she was after she dies, or how she is capable of resurrecting herself through another woman. All of this is in strict defiance of Restoration literature and a rejection of 18th-century writers philosophies. By challenging what 18th-century writers labeled as appropriate themes, Poe writes Ligeia to promote his belief in Romanticist theories and ideas. His originality, specifically the use of the supernatural, is a consistent example of the innovation projected throughout Romantic literature.

Marketing Research assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 2 - Assignment Example The benefit of this test is that it is cheaper to implement compared to other standard market tests. The effectiveness of the test will be measured by the number of additional customers that are attracted by the free buffet offer. These can be considered as the dependent variables DV), and their number will indicate the success rate of the market test. It will also indicate the number of return clients, who can be associated with the offer of the free breakfast snack. 2. Design a test of a new pricing strategy for orange juice concentrate. The brand is an established brand, and we are only interested in testing the effect of a 5 percent price increase and a 5 percent price decrease. All other elements of the marketing mix will remain the same. This can be achieved through a standard market test. It is good to select specific outlets within the company’s distribution channels. The best way is to implement 5 per cent price increase in at least 10 major outlets, and implement a 5 per cent price decrease in a similar number of outlets. The selected outlets should be scattered adequately to represent the national market outlook. The selected outlets represent the Independent Variables. The best timeline that can give a clear response should be about 20 days. The performances of the selected outlets should be used to determine market response. Therefore, any increase or decrease in the number of customers represents the dependent variables (DV). This should then be compared to the performance of the other outlets that were not involved in the study within the same time

Psychological effect of Leishmaniasis Assignment

Psychological effect of Leishmaniasis - Assignment Example Due to lack of knowledge and literacy, the people in these areas find it better to keep away from such patients in order to avoid being affected by it themselves. These patients face a discouraging behave from everyone, and everywhere they go. In their report, Kassi et al. have mentioned the case of a poor girl suffering from Leishmaniasis, who was deprived of her basic education just because she was a victim of this disease. In addition, nobody was ready to marry her, due to this problem. [2] An important factor of these psychological effects is the involvement of the exposed parts of the body, like the facial lesions affecting nose and ears and sometimes leading to severe disfiguring of face; thus further increasing the social isolation of the patient. We prepared our report on the basis of the interviews conducted with the affected persons. There were ten male and ten female patients interviewed. Out of the ten male patients, five were between thirty to forty years of age, while the other five were above fifty years of age. Moreover, all of them had Leishmaniasis affecting their arms or legs. The questions conducted in our report comprised of questions covering the psychological effects of Leishmaniasis. This questioner is about asking the effects of this disease on patient’s personal life, family life, spouse relationships, disturbance at job place, psychological effects like embarrassment ant depression, outcome of this disease, social communication and also about any ways adopted by the patient to get rid of this lesion. The results of this short survey show different facts for the male and female patients. Among the male patients, it is seen that the psychological as well as social effects of Leishmaniasis were associated basically with the patients between the age group thirty to forty, while those above fifty, seemed to be less affected by such affects. While for the female patients, almost all of them suffered with

Case studies and written questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case studies and written questions - Assignment Example : In the Democratic Leadership Style, managers encourage their staffs to participate in the decision making for the company development and growth. The role of managers in democratic style is as a leader, who gives guidance to their staff to solve the problems. : i. This management of style is time consuming. Since, to solve a problem a long discussion is required among team members. If the company wants to solve a urgent issue then this process will take long time to solve a problem. ii. In this style of management, much time a manager could not take decision easily. Since there are many outcome of discussion, which may led create confusion to the manager and to decide which outcome will be better for the company development. : This style of management is give opportunity to every staff to share points to solve the problems and give a unique result to solve the problem and help in the company development. This style of management always helps to motivate the staffs to do their work properly, and it will be good for the company’ development. Although this style has lots of draw backs like time consuming and sometimes the manger could not able to decide which outcome is better for the company. If the company willing to solve the long term problem, then this style of management will be better for the company and help to grow the company in faster way. This management of style is not useful of short terms issues. : The management style of Blake for the company point of view is good. Blake is encouraging his staff members to discuss the problem in a team meeting and even he is also showing concern to his staff privately but in private discussions, he is against of backstabbing and bitchiness among the staff. This style of management of Blake always helps to solve long term goal and motivate their staff too. : There is a huge communication gap between Peter and Jodie. They are not discussing

Compare the concept of Adam and Eve and the original sin in Research Paper

Compare the concept of Adam and Eve and the original sin in Christianity and Judaism - Research Paper Example ( Penny Catechism, Article15, undated) The same document went on to say that:- All mankind has contracted the guilt and stain of original sin, except the Blessed Virgin and her Divine Son, through whose foreseen merits she was conceived without the least guilt or stain of original sin.( Penny Catechism , Article 117, undated) ) . There are two accounts of creation recorded in Genesis. These represent two strands of a very old story based upon long standing oral traditions. These have become the creations myths of both Christianity and the Judaism in which they had their founding. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy are described in Judaism as the Pentateuch, and these five books are traditionally said to be the work of Moses. His is death is however actually recorded in Deuteronomy 33, and it is generally considered that a number of different strands wrote theses books in the form we now have them in the 6th or 7th century B.C.E., round about the time of King Solomon . In Genesis Chapter One man is created and in Genesis Chapter Two the creation of Adam is described in more detail. He is made from the earth or clay. The word for ‘formed’ is one which would be used to describe how a potter creates a pot form clay ( Genesis 2 v 7, commentary, Bible New International Version, 2008). The word Adam is linked to the Hebrew word ‘Adamah’ which mean red and it is suggested that this means he was created from red clay ( Mandel 2013) . The story describes how God bought each animal to Adam, who gave then their names. He could not find a suitable helper among them. In Genesis 2 v 18 God says :- It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him. Genesis 2 v 21, 22 describe the creation of Adam. She is made form part of Adam. Eve is called in Hebrew ‘Haya’ which means ‘live ‘ or ‘to live (Meaning and etymology of the name Eve, undated) . In Genesis 3 v 20 it states :- Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. In one version the two appear to be created simultaneously, but in the second version she come later. By the time both stories were written down each would have carried its own authority and could not be discarded. Living in the Garden of Eden with her husband, Eve is approached and then tempted by the serpent. She yields to the temptation offered and eats the forbidden fruit, as well as some to her husband. After this it as if they have woken up, as become aware of their nakedness and make themselves clothes. Later ( Genesis 3 v 12) Adam puts the blame on Eve. As a result God tells Eve that she will have pain in childbirth and will become subject to her husband ( Genesis 3 v 16. It is often interpreted that only Eve who is admonished, but in Genesis 3 v 17ff Adam, too is told what will happen to him as the result of his disobedience. According to Jewish teaching Eve was not created at the same time as Adam becaus e God knew that she would become a reason for complaint ( Eve, Jewish Encyclopedia ,1906). These is also a tradition of another help meet being created before Eve , Lilith , but she goes her own way and refuses to be the wife of Adam ( Hampshire County Council, undated) . According to another Jewish rabbinic tradition Eve was tempted first, as women were more likely to give in than men. Despite Eve’

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud - Essay Example The two types are available in three computing platforms which include SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. TRU should choose IaaS out of the three available platforms. Cloud computing is a distributed computing system that makes information technology services available on remote computers. Internet based service providers offer cloud computing. Some of the services offered include data storage, processing, applications, and software. Organizations using cloud services can improve their efficiency and can also respond quickly to customers’ demands. Private cloud computing is owned and operated by a single organization. The organization itself can either manage or hire a third party to do the management on its behalf. The organization can also set up a private cloud within its premises or in some other place. Community cloud computing system is shared by several organizations. The organizations using the shared infrastructure have common concerns such as policy, security requirements, mission, or even particular compliance. The organizations can jointly manage the infrastructure or higher a third party. The facility may also exist within or outside the premises of the organizations (Radack). Hybrid cloud consists of at least two cloud services such as public, private or community. The various cloud services grouped together remain separate entities, but applications and data are portable (Radack). Software as a Service (SaaS) involves organizations renting cloud applications from service providers. The consumers can access the cloud services through applications such as web browsers. In such a computing platform, the service provider manages the entire cloud infrastructure. The consumers, thus, cannot control the operating systems, applications, networks and storage. In such a system, the service provider can easily integrate new system functionality. The consumers also benefit by running the same software version (Sareen, 533). Platform as a

Response to at least 3 students assignment posting separately (80 Coursework

Response to at least 3 students assignment posting separately (80 words each) with at least 2 references - Coursework Example Health records are sensitive information yet are vital in the effective treatment of patients. A national HER system would greatly increase efficiency as well as provide vital information e.g. chronic conditions or allergies that make some procedures unsuitable for some patients during medical emergencies (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012). The issue of security and privacy can be easily addressed by the federal government having central servers and records being accessed only by ascertained health practitioners with proper security credentials allowing them access to the records (Gunter and Terry, 2005). The example of using technology to address issues of air quality is a perfect example of technology being used to enhance policy implementation (Shafie, 2008). At the same time, hierarchical agency compliance is promoted as information sharing from the federal, state and local agencies moves quickly and efficiently. In addition to that, the people affected by the policies and its outcomes can share information among themselves and the agencies thus giving much needed feedback and suggestions for improvement of service delivery (AirNow, 2012). Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2012). EHR incentive programs. Available from: http://www.cms.gov/RegulationsandGuidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/index. html?redirect=/EHRIncentivePrograms/ 30_Meaningful_Use.asp Shafie, D. M. (2008). â€Å"Participation in E-rulemaking: Interest groups and the standard-setting process for hazardous air pollutants.† Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 5(4), 399-410.

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud - Essay Example The two types are available in three computing platforms which include SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. TRU should choose IaaS out of the three available platforms. Cloud computing is a distributed computing system that makes information technology services available on remote computers. Internet based service providers offer cloud computing. Some of the services offered include data storage, processing, applications, and software. Organizations using cloud services can improve their efficiency and can also respond quickly to customers’ demands. Private cloud computing is owned and operated by a single organization. The organization itself can either manage or hire a third party to do the management on its behalf. The organization can also set up a private cloud within its premises or in some other place. Community cloud computing system is shared by several organizations. The organizations using the shared infrastructure have common concerns such as policy, security requirements, mission, or even particular compliance. The organizations can jointly manage the infrastructure or higher a third party. The facility may also exist within or outside the premises of the organizations (Radack). Hybrid cloud consists of at least two cloud services such as public, private or community. The various cloud services grouped together remain separate entities, but applications and data are portable (Radack). Software as a Service (SaaS) involves organizations renting cloud applications from service providers. The consumers can access the cloud services through applications such as web browsers. In such a computing platform, the service provider manages the entire cloud infrastructure. The consumers, thus, cannot control the operating systems, applications, networks and storage. In such a system, the service provider can easily integrate new system functionality. The consumers also benefit by running the same software version (Sareen, 533). Platform as a

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Policy - Essay Example This will involve taking out military plans. However, it may take time to create enactment areas and rescue teams before U.S. personnel are placed in the country. The success of the military is hence going to be boosted by the presence of CIA intelligent that will have carried covert investigation within the rebel insurgent territories. It will be imperative that your lead the administration in approving several intelligent orders and increase funding for human intelligence sources so that the CIA can carry out underground operations against the insurgent operations (Taft 40-40). This will provide important intelligence about the insurgent rebels and their base in Atropia. The army will put numerous Special Forces units on the ground that will help in combating the enemy. The people of Atropia will assist the army since they are well aware of the territory, and because they have scores to settle with the rebels. But if this will prove to be quite ineffectual, important numbers of Uni ted States troops will be put on the ground. This will be done so with a view to Americanizing the soil war (Taft 70-80). After emergency planning with your advisors, calling in airstrikes when the battle is engaged will be another action. The rebel insurgent territory will receive heavy and accurate shelling using the most refined guided mechanisms in the world. With all these sophisticated battle technology, it will be particularly easy to rid Atropia of the rebel insurgents. Therefore, you will be required to pattern your cabinet into an effectual consultative instrument for the conduct of the war and demonstrate your leadership style. Furthermore, it will require you to be extremely decisive as well as pragmatic by all standards. The interagency process will involve... Foreign Policy After the 9/11 attacks persuaded American of the astuteness of these arguments. The United States can in no way again afford to let down its guard. It is the duty of the American government to take care of the welfare of all its citizens across the globe. But of late, the rebel insurgent SUPA of Atropa has beset the formal government, with the support of the support of neighboring country. According to intelligent report, the rebel insurgents plan to attack the American Embassy and the headquarters of the American cooperation. This is a crucial matter that needs to be treated with strong seriousness that it deserves (Walt 30-50). As the United States Nation Security advisor, I enjoy substantial independent over the national security bureaucracy. The National Security Act rightly so grants me the power to principally assist you as the President of United States if America in all matters pertaining to the national security. Yet still, for this mission to be wholly successful, it will r equire a top notch voluntary collaboration among the powerful agencies responsible for foreign and defense. However, you will only be compelled to use military action as opposed to declaring a state of war. The military action will ensure that there is peace and stability by working closely with the formal government of Atropia with a view to defeating the rebel insurgents. Conversely, there is a unanimous knowing that the decision to evade Atropia will eventually attract a string of criticism.

Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Kuwait is a Arabic state, which lies in the North-West corner of the Persian Gulf between 28o and 30o latitudes and between 46o and 48o longitudes. It shares a border with Iraq on the North and with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. On the East it is washed by waters of Persian Gulf. It’s total area makes 17,820 square kilometers. The climate is dry desert with hot summers and cool winters. The terrain is flat with the lowest point of zero above the sea level and the highest point of 306 above the sea level (the location is unnamed). Most of the territory is a desert with only about 1% used as arable lands and for growing permanent crops. A great part of the territory is occupied by the city El-Kuwait – the country’s capital. Other major towns include Jahrah, Salmiya, Shuwaikh and Hawalli. Irrigated lands cover 130 square kilometers. Natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish and shrimp. The country suffers from lack of fresh water, so it possesses one of the world largest distillation facilities. Other geographic problems include sudden sandstorms, which usually happen between March and August and heavy rains which are usual for the period from October to April . Historical and Current Geology of Kuwait The country’s relief has been formed in the recent Quaternary geological era. The southern part of the country rests on a long, north-oriented dome of limestone laying beneath the surface. It is here where oil resources of Kuwait can be found. The western and northern parts of Kuwait rest on layers of sand, gravel, silt, and clay, covering limestone to the depth up to 210 meters. This layers of sediments have been formed by dried-up riverbeds called the wadis. The greatest of the wadis is Wadi al Batin – a broad and shallow valley forming the northern frontier of the country. Limestone geological formations, especially in the places where they lay close to surface, are principle suppliers of water for Kuwait. In 1960 a large aquifer has been discovered in the western portion of Ar Rawdatayn geological formation, which is now used for distilled water production, covering most of the country’s needs. On the south from the city of Kuwait another water field has been discovered in the top of the limestone of the Ash Shuaybah. The water here is salty, so it is used mostly for agricultural and commercial needs. Where waters come close to the surface, oases appears, enlivening the landscape of Kuwait . Basic Geomorphologic Terrains of Kuwait Mainland Most of the Kuwait’s land has no remarkable geomorphologic features like high mountains, rivers, ridges or depressions. A sandy desert of the country is mostly flat, gradually slopping to the sea. Some researchers point, that the land is not really a desert, but rather a semi-desert, because in winter there is a notable vegetation sufficient to support camel herds. However, for most of the year it is really sandy. This landscape is broken by the ridge at Jal Al-Zor – a series of low hills and shallow depressions. The highest point of the ridge is 145 meters above the sea level. The ridge is cut into two by Umm Al-Ramam Wadi. The southern part of Kuwait is flat with exception of Ahmadi hill (137 m) . In the centre of the country it’s coast bends forming the Gulf of Kuwait, where the capital of the country lays. The sheltered waters of the bay create a number of salty marshes, lagoons, and mud flats. In the center of the gulf lays a small Umm an Namil Island. About 40 kilometers to the south from El-Kuwait lays 120 meters high Al-Adan ridge, a series of heights similar to Jal Al-Zor . Another remarkable geomorphologic terrain in southern Kuwait Sabkha deposits – a number of irregular closed lowland areas. Two different types of Sabkhas are recognized: costal sabkhas and inland sabkhas. The costal ones are situated mostly in the Al-Jailaiaha and Al-Khiran areas, being extended along a costal depression. Inland sabkhas are situated in the desert areas of Al-Maqwa, Urafjan, and Al-Gurain. On the Kuwait’s west. Both types of sabkhas are subjected to changes after sandstorms. They may be entirely filled with sand an disappears, and new sabkhas may appear. Based on the study of sands and presence of bones fragments in most of the sabkhas, it has been concluded, that most of the sediments in the sabkhas come from Al-Dibdibbah deposits from the Arabian Shield igneous and metamorphic rocks . Coastal Area The coast of Kuwait is divided into nine geomorphological potions, out of which four are lie along the northern muddy shoreline and five in the southern sandy area. The northern part includes large portions of bays, which are filled with water during high tides and for most of the time they are areas of muddy ground. They are limited by costal sabkhas or sandy drifts. Intertidal channels form sandbars near the waterlines . In contrast to this, the southern portion of the coat is characterized by steep sandy beaches, narrowed by wide rocky intertidal platforms, covered with sand and other sediments. In many places those rocky surfaces are dissected by intertidal channels and shallow gulleys. The low water line is marked by numerous sandbars. Sometimes they are formed in berms by waves . Costal Islands Kuwait’s territory includes eight major islands and a number of minor ones, situated in the northern and southern part of the country respectively. Along the southern part of Kuwait coast five minor islands are situated: Miskan, Awhah, Kubbar, Qaruh, and Umm Al-Maradem and one bigger island Faylakah, which is the only inhabited island of all. The islands are subjected to variable tiding conditions and winds and this preconditions their roundish shapes. The northern islands of Miskan and Awhah rest on a shallow platform which is a part of a larger Faylakah Island structure. The three southern islands rest on separate platform each which is most possibly of reef origin. Beach sediments of the islands consist of sand and biologic measures, which makes them similar to the shores of Kuwait mainland . The Faykalah island is situated 20 kilometers away from the coast near El-Kuwait and has quite a different ecosystem in comparison to the mainland. It is used mostly as a recreational zone because the Iraqi have depopulated the island during the invasion in 1991, so there are only few local residents living there. 16 kilometers south-east of Faykalah lays the Auhah Island, which is 800 meters long by 540 meters wide and uninhabited except for a lighthouse. 29 kilometers off of the coast of Faykalah the Kubbar Island is situated. It is almost round in form and has flat sandy surface. Separately stands a large island of Bubiyan, which, under it’s geomorphological conditions, is very much similar to Kuwait northern mainland It is separated by Khawr Abd Allah channel on the northeast and Khawr as Sabiyah channel on the north. The latter channel also separates it from Warbah Island, which is 15 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide and lays only a hundred meters away from the mainland. The surface of the island is a muddy flat. The Bubiyan is connected with the mainland by a concrete bridge, which is, however, for military use only. The terrain of the island is similar to the one of the northern Kuwait mainland. It is a flat desert and semi-desert area with shores being sandy or muddy. No remarkable depressions or heights exist on the island. Between Bubiyan and Faykalah lays the Miskan Island, which is uninhabited save for a lighthouse, but it is vital for the country as part of it’s defensive frontier. Other islands include Umm al Maradim which lays between Kuwait and UAE territorial waters. It is 1,5 kilometers long and 540 meters wide and is known for deep waters around it, which allow ships to safely anchor. 17 kilometers away from this island is Qaruh Island, which received it’s name after Qar – an Arabic name for petroleum sediments, great amounts of which can be found on the island. It is the smallest and the most remote island of Kuwait which is only 275 meters long and 175 meters wide. Works Cited: 1. 2007 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK. Kuwait (CD-ROM), Progressive Management, 20062. Francesca Davis Dipiazza. Kuwait in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, 2006 3. A. Al-Hurban , and I. Gharib, Geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of coastal and inland sabkhas, Southern Kuwait, Journal of Arid Environments Volume 58, Issue 1, July 2004, Pages 59-85 4. Mohamed I. El-Sayed and Dhia Al-Bakri, Geomorphology and sedimentary/biosedimentary structures of the intertidal environment along the coast of Kuwait, north-western Arabian Gulf. International Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 83, Number 2 / July, 1994

Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay

Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay In our report discusses about strength and weaknesses of electronic Human Resource and discusses some implications for future research. e-HRs software brings a high degree of homogeneity and standardization platform for smooth working in an organization. It helps to bring the control and efficiency required by HR. An initial framework the review analyzes HR professionals at organization introduced a technology based management information system (MIS). This system enabled the employees to be more efficiently administered (in theory) through an impersonal system to bring into conformity with rules for payroll, attendance and punctuality. Hence, e-HR software interface in salary decisions and others linked to people. The e-HR systems are core applications who reduce the over time of Human Resource Management. It has achieved data from an administrative function, which responsible from payroll to help in strategic decision making that can add value to an organization. Companies have now realized. The role e-HR has developed as grow of organization the primarily administrative becomes business partner. At same time e-HR provide the business possess such as stable, reliable which makes high recognition within the organization. After implementation e-HR in any organization, company can easily save there cost. Because e-HR use enterprise and internet, efficiently connect people such a way if gives all information they need. It also manages relationship, streamlines processes and improves the se of information to make strategic and operational decisions. e-HR about connecting people customers, suppliers, employees with information. Its about making organizations more efficient and more profitable INTRODUCTION Due to market development, the manager roles has changed in recent years, and partly also due to new technologies being used by the organization that they are working in. As a result, organization needs to examine their own organizational Human Resource role. (Alleyne et al, 2007) In today global markets, organizations and companies recognize that in order to compete, are based on the quality and effectiveness of their employees to succeed. Human Resource managers today need a world class Human Resource management system to help them in daily strategic and operational decision. Over the last recent years, with the advance of Intranet and Internet technologies, Human Resource tools known as electronic Human Resource management (HRM) emerged. (Hooi, 2009) Recent Development in E HR or HRIS In the 1990s client/ server systems are the ideal configuration for most companies. But in recent years, companies are beginning the tasks of migrating their legacy systems to new packages designed with more advance structure. And they are usually what we know today as Human Resource Information System (HRIS), which is part of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). ERP are able to offer companies the advantage in term of functionality, storage capacity, performance and an opportunity to reengineer their HR processes. Due to the fast rapid development of technologies and changes in the fundamental of business, the Human Resource Department today cannot operate like the old days. It is not enough to have a group of people who only need to know all about the benefits plans, salary program, and career opportunity within the organization. The demand for skilled workers, especially knowledge workers, also helps to accelerate the need for HRIS to assist in strategic role of HR. (Stone et el, 2006) DEFINITION E HRM According to a group of Researcher from Singapore Ministry of Manpower, Human Capital Development Division, E-HRM refers as active use of electronic media and participation of employees with technology to helps to lower administration costs, and improve the communication of their employee with quicker access to information, and reduce time needed in processing. (Hooi, 2009) Human Resource Information System (HRIS) basically is a human resource database system that allows you to keep track of all types of Human Resource information related to the organization and its human capital. However, not all companies that name their system an HRIS Human Resource Information System are comprehensive enough. If the human Resource system, are only able to handles one or two functions, example such as benefits like administration or payroll, then we do not consider it as a comprehensive HRIS. (Bondarouk Ruel, 2009) Electronic Human Resource (EHR) it refers to conducting business transaction in human resource related using the Internet. (LengnickHall Moritz 2003) Usually refer usually to Employee Management System that is normally refers to browser based Human Resource web portal. Unlike HRIS, E-HR or Employee Management System can usually handles limited functions or benefits, such as payroll and leave application. The growth of E-HR was due to the rapid development of Internet technologies in the 1990s. With point and click ease of use, E- HR are usually very user friendly and easy to use. Widely used by companies especially small and medium enterprise, who cant afford a comprehensive Human Resource System such as HRIS. Human Resource Management (HRM) it refer to a form of support function that services its own internal customers, example employee. (Alleyne et al, 2007) Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources (e-HR) In recent years, with the advancement of intranet and internet, enable a new wave of human resource (HR) technology to emerge, with the aim to assist human resources administrative functions. With these e-HRM functions, HR service is expected to improve by both the management and employees. (Hooi, 2009) As more and more Human Resource Departments moving toward Internet or Web-based Technology, we need to evaluate and make comparison between the Online Human Resource Management and Traditional Human Resource Management System. (Payne et al, 2009) Background Strategic human resources and e-HRM Strength The major functional roles of E-HR are to support Human Resource processes such as are recruiting, training and performance management. (Stone el, 2006) The growing trend in E-HR allows the development of tools such as Employee Self- Service (ESS) Employee Self Service or ESS gives the employee of the organization the ability to access, maintaining his or her own personal HR Information online. The employee self-service (ESS) capabilities allow and enable the employees to create, view, and modify data anytime and anywhere by themselves, using multiple technologies. With easy or ease of accessing to the information they need to do their jobs, the employees can also manage duties that were previously handled for them by personnel from HR department, with an employee centric portal. ESS also helps to expedite life, and work changes, freeing the HR professionals from mundane HR related administrative tasks and allowing them to dedicate more of their time and resources to a something more strategic initiatives. Managerial Self-Service (MSS) Enable the managers to access a variety of HR-related tools and information online. Most manager HR-related tasks can be done via MSS applications example like payroll administration or compensation, staff performance management, hiring, and employee career or training development. Overall, the main strength that an Electronic Human Resource System allows: Employees to improve or maintain job performance Set standards for Human Resources work process Give recognition to job related accomplishments Enhance Communication and working relationship between employee and departments Identify the performance of individual employee Outline the responsibility of employee and supervisory. (Payne et el, 2009) Developing human resources: With the help of internet and intranet in development and training is the mostly examine element of e-HR and without any doubt the one with the most existing in possibility in terms of cost and benefits. The web-based software can be used for assessment training, and management career of all e-learning activity. For the less paperwork and more benefit including getting more information on training, and assessment it provide e mail and electronic forms of intranet or the restricted web site. Lower administration cost, shorter distribution and response time, and higher response rate (McClelland, 1994). Changes in the role of the HR function: They all agreed that the adoption of e-HR will definitely support HR functions. It will help making administrative tasks easier and more productive. Apart from the administrative processes, other HR processes such as innovation, communication, and learning and career planning will be improved and supported with the use of e-HR. So the result, e-HR use can support not only the traditional HR role but also the alignment of HR functions with the organizations strategic objectives. However, two of the participants commented that HR has a long way to go before results and benefits of e-HR adoption, especially for HR development, will be tangible The benefits as show in fig: Weaknesses: The list below summarizes the reasons for adopting and not adopting e-HR for users and non-users respectively. Companies using e-HR: facilitation of the recruitment process; benefits for communication; and Cost effectiveness. Companies not using e-HR: limited usefulness; security concerns; inconsistency with practices used; and Other practical problems. Their only disadvantage is to loss of confidentiality. E-learning includes the learning activity supported by information technologies. It can take local intranet computers, or full access to internet, drawing upon a full range of multimedia, links to other sites and resources, downloadable streaming videos and communication systems (Sambrook, 2003). E-learning offers a solution to training in remote. Issues: available on www.emeraldinsight.com/0048-3486.htm Nowadays, organization reaches capability of existing to run HR operations more efficiently. For more efficiently work we need to combined together in one hand for this gather the information and communication technology. The main issue is swift development of electronic HR systems (Stanton and Coovert, 2004; Fletcher, 2005). The E-HR provide the facilitate to more efficient and strategic way of working for HR. since e HR technology runs parallel to the introduction administrative support of the HR. it very difficult to map it. For example Reception and assimilation by employees is considered to be an important factor when implementing E-HRM. The ability to cope with changes in the HR function and The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at the support that is provided to employees during E-HRM implementation is also deemed essential (Haines and Petit, 1997; Fisher and Howell, 2004; Ruta, 2004; Rue ¨let al., 2004). However, there is little empirical knowledge on concurrent employee Brief Analysis of whether e-hr is contributing towards HR becoming more strategic Most of us, I believe will be convinced that using E-HR will significantly help the company to improve the delivery of the HR services to the organization. Higher efficiencies, and higher customer satisfaction, no doubt will help to lower costs, due to redesigned processes and eliminate manual work process. Definitely e-hr has the potential to be able contribute towards HR becoming more strategic. But for E-HR to be able to play a more strategic role, there must be a strong business case. Emerging strategic e-HRM research tend to fit and focus on business strategy. (Marler, 2009) A business case can be mystifying. For the case of web-based or E-HR business can be used to address all types of questions, for example: Do we really need a Web-Based solution? Do we need to implement employee or manager self services? Can we use our existing intranet for HR transaction? Are we going to use the existing legacy human resource system as the underlying database for web solution, or a Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System? Can we plan and implement a shared services group as part of the Web initiative? Should we go for one-vendor HR portal strategy, or should we go with a best-of-breed approach? A business case must always, built around objectives like type of business, financial, functional, operational, or some combination. Meaning we need to provide the business management with cost benefit and return on investment data in hard economic terms. How can E-HR help the organization in strategic role? To business, the core objective is to make more money. The concern and questions ask by management is how E-HR can help the business to reduce expenses or increase in their revenue strategically? Questions on the mind of the management like, what can we gain from: Productivity savings Improve quality and reduced rework Sourcing Saving Make services more cheaply and higher quality Information System Saving Reduce the maintenance of existing systems Other Saving. Save the cost of material like paper, computer printout. But the most important aspect and core functions of E-HR strategic benefits can bring to a organization are: Recruitment What talent do we need? Sourcing and attracting Who is the right talent? Where is the right talent? How to attract the talent to joins us. Assessment and evaluation Identify, evaluate and select the right people we want. Hire What is the right offer that we can offer attracts the candidate to join the organization? Deployment Move people into the right position in the organization that can utilize their talent. Retention- How can we keep the talent invested, and engaged in the organization? In todays globalization competition, the strong demand for skilled workers, especially knowledge workers, also helps to accelerate the need for HRIS to assist in strategic role of HR. (Stone et al 2006) Conclusion The HR plays a very important role in any Origination, as well as HR builds a bridge between top management and employers. Nowadays there is a big competitive market for any organization. So they want to expand their organization up to certain level to meet their requirements. Once the organization grows the work load for HR will increase and they will be unable to manage all the work manually. So for avoiding this kind of situation in the organization they need a integrated system in their company. That time e-HR comes in the picture, which suits their needs, Such as Employee Self- Service (ESS) Managerial Self-Service (MSS) Management Information system (MIS) Developing human resources Changes in the role of the HR function The future E-HR will become more sophisticated, and more individualized tools for both managers and employees. Improved decision making tools will benefit both the organizations and employee. (LengnickHall Moritz 2003)

Crash Course In Density :: essays research papers

Crash Course in Density   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As flight 143, a twin engine 767, was passing over Red Lake on its was to Edmonton, Canada, the left front fuel pump warning light went on. There were a few possibilities for this to happen, such as the fuel pump failing, a fuel line clogging, or a empty fuel tank. The former two were easily dealt with, since the plane could fly without one fuel pump. However, the last possibility was horrifying. After a few minutes, the second fuel pump in the left wing began to blare. It would be too much of a coincidence for two fuel pumps to independently fail, or two fuel lines to independently clog, so it was apparent that the left tank was out of fuel. Quickly, the pilots decided that getting to Edmonton was out of the question. The nearest large airport was at Winnipeg, so they radioed ahead and changed their course. In a few minutes, all four of the fuel pumps had failed. The worst possible news, they were out of fuel. In a few more minutes the engines stopped running, and all of the high tech instruments became useless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They realized that they could not even make it to Winnipeg. Their only chance was an abandoned to a abandoned Air Force airstrip. Unfortunately, the airstrip had been converted to a race track, complete with race cars, fences, and spectators. The 767 crash landed, and, fortunately, no one was killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their were many contributing factors that made this plane run out of fuel. First of all, the computerized fuel gauge was not working, and a maintenance worker said , incorrectly, that the plane was still certified to fly. To measure the amount of fuel remaining, they use a drip stick method. They discovered that their was 7 682 liters in the tank. However, they had always measured fuel in the past as pound, while the 767 consumed fuel in kilograms. The drip sticks did not express the amount of fuel in pounds or kilograms, but in liters. It seems to be a simple matter of conversion to arrive a the answer.

Emotion and Thu Interdependence

Sociology: Marriages and Families Final Term Paper Due: April 28, 2011 THU Interdependence and Relationships Chapter Five When you look back at your relationships in the past and when you look at the way you were when you were in those relationships, were you the same? Or did you see yourself change? When someone is in a relationship, I believe, they become different than who they really are. Being in love has such a strong influence on the people, sometimes they get lost. I believe that the strength that an individual has, to not lose sight of himself or herself while in love, describes the interdependence of those partners. Interdependence has a lot of connection with relationships. Therapist John Crosby (text pg 112), talks about the different styles of relationships and how the individuals’ interdependence connects with that style. He distinguished three different types of relationships. First, the A-frame relationship is described as a relationship where the partners have very little independence but a strong identity through the relationship. The individuals in this type of relationship have too much interdependence, and if one grows out the other one will end up falling. The second style is the H-frame relationship. This is when the partners have little or no interdependence. The partners in this type of relationship aren’t emotionally connected with each other and can stand by themselves. Lastly, the M-frame relationship. Crosby describes this relationship style as having the best interdependency. The partners both have individuality yet they bring that support and influence to the other partner. Lehmiller also talks about interdependence and relationships. His article Secret Romantic Relationships talked about his research on how secrecy of a relationship can be harmful and how that affects the interdependency of that individual. Lehmiller states that secrecy of a relationship shows the individual’s low self-esteem and it promotes health risks. I believe a secret relationship has the interdependency like the A-frame relationship that Crosby had talked about. The partners keep the relationship a secret however they can’t seem to let go of the relationship even though secrecy is a harmful health risk. I believe this happens because they rely on each other so much that they lose themselves individually so all they can do is keep that relationship. Another author, Adams, the author of Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships, talks about his investigation and what he discovered was that interdependence was linked to the closeness of romantic relationships. He states that no matter what gender you are, the interdependency of an individual is linked to their relationships. Although these three authors talk about interdependence and how it connects with relationships, their views are slightly different as well. Lehmiller describes that interdependency has a lot to do with the certain situation that the partners are in, such as secrecy. Adams talks about how interdependence is influenced by age, the individuals’ social lives, and many more. Lastly, Crosby focuses on how the interdependency influences the different styles of relationships. After reading and comparing the articles, it made me think about how I am influenced and how much I influence my partner when in a relationship. Personally, I liked reading how secrecy of a relationship can be harmful because it was something new. I have never imagined myself having to hide a relationship yet still be together with that partner. It made me think about how relationships really affect people’s emotions and minds. I realized, after reading these articles, that I should be more independent and stronger for myself before I start having a relationship. I don’t want to see myself depending on a relationship and losing my identity. Love is so strong, that you can lose your individuality, yet people always want to be in love or be loved.

Time Management and Transition

Independent decisions and is financially independent. The Journey from adolescence to adulthood can be an exciting adventure but it may also be extremely stressful. Planning strategies to deal with potential obstacles will help with the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Planning for your transition from school to career, family home to own home, family to community, or others care to self care will ensure that you will have a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood.The transition from school to career can be extremely stressful for students, particularly if the student still hasn't chosen a career in which they want to pursue. It is imperative that you make wise decisions in your adolescence, as their outcome can have a major impact on your life when you become an adult. Life skills such as time management and organization are key elements in preparing for a successful and non-stressful transition from adolescence to adulthood.Students with impeccable time managem ent skills will ensure that they are never late for school and for their Job and will always avoid procrastination at all costs. Ways in which students can improve their time management skills are to stop procrastinating, prepare lists such as â€Å"To- Do Lists†, and delegate responsibilities. The transition from family home to own home is dependent after the successful transition from school to career has occurred.This is an exciting moment in your life where you finally get to live away from home. For some people, this transition may be stressful as they're not used to being away from home, whereas others find that this transition to be quite enjoyable as theyre no longer living at home in their parents' house. This transition provides a feeling of great independence and interdependence. Imperative life skills that must be learned for this transition to be successful and non-stressful are good..

Factors Affecting the Academic Achievement of Freshmen College Students Essay

Achievement of students in schools has been the concern of school authorities. Several solutions have been offered in order to improve the quality of instruction. Some of these prove to be effective for some time, but later new innovations are introduced thus sometimes affect the teaching-learning situations in the classrooms. Science subjects are important because this field have greatly benefited mankind in its efforts to improve the quality of life. In view of this, college education plays a vital role in molding the minds, interest, awareness and concern of an individual to prepare himself for the future. Recognizing that science makes life easier and meaningful, educational institutions, through the mandate of the government, focus its attention on the advance of science and technology in terms of classroom instruction at all levels. Science curriculum must be taught in terms of how it can develop scientifically literate society and how it can make an individual more responsive to the needs of the times. Based on observations, science instruction nowadays placed more emphasis on the mastery of the subject matter. When students did well in written examinations, teachers believe that the aim of the lesson has been achieved, but evaluation should not only be based on written tests but should also include oral and practical examinations to make sure that learning really has taken place. Since researchers are future science teachers, there is a desire to determine what are the factors that affect student’s achievement are. The researchers want to conduct a thorough investigation to come up with a possible solution to the problem regarding the science achievement of freshmen students. In view of this line of thinking, the present study is motivated to look into the factors affecting the achievement of freshmen college students in science which might affect the student achievement whether it would be for good or not. Background of the Study The researchers will conduct this study because according to an international science study by Garrison (2004) Filipino students performed poorly in understanding science concepts and principle. These findings were supported by other study conducted by (Askali, 1994) (Acuna and Dasilva, 1993) stating that college freshmen students are weak in science. All over the fast changing world, people learned to rely on science for their own survival and advancement. Man just willingly admits that without such â€Å"instrument† as propellers for progress, this effort to succeed and achieve would be limited and be made useless. The concept that the more knowledge a man has in science, the greater is his opportunity for change for advancement. It emphasizes that science is essential for national development progress. School curricula are supposed to develop the capabilities of students but according to statistics, approximately fewer than 10% high school graduates have the skills necessary to perform satisfactory in college level in science courses. Attempting to combat trend, nowadays, many science educators are turning to more ‘hands-on’ approach to their teaching. Instead of having their students memorize lengthy formulas they have them to do experiments; starting in the early grades this has been going on for years wherein teachers act as facilitators only. Many students believe that science subjects in the freshmen level are difficult. In fact some do not like the subject. This may be attributed to some factors that underlie student’s attitude toward the subject. The educational qualification of the teacher may also serve as a factor that hinders student’s attitude in their science subject. Students find it more interesting to play truancy than to attend classes especially if the method, strategies or approaches of teachers do not suit the mental ability of the students. Theoretical framework This study is primarily anchored on the cognitive theory by Jean Piaget, specifically †the formal operational period,† in this period the development of the learner’s mind follows concrete stages. Based on the formal operational method of Piaget, this rage of age is the beginning of logical and abstract thinking. According to him, youngsters demonstrate ability to reason realistically and consider possibilities. The learner’s thinking at this stage is propositional. They use statement that contains data. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. Benjamin Samuel Bloom’s Theory is founded on individual differences of the students. He justifies that some behavior or factors affect student’s learning process. In this study, the influence of students variables such as educational qualification of parents, availability of learning materials, attitudes towards science, peer motivation and learning styles are hypothesized that influence the academic performance of freshmen college students in science at Universidad de Manila.

Physical Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Changes - Essay Example These include: These form the basic steps that need to be taken by all irrespective of their age. The following sections will provide a brief of the various strategies that can be used to cope with the changes that are faced in each decade. People in their 40’s need to follow the tips provided. This stage of life requires the individuals to take extreme care of self as this is the starting stages for the changes in the bodies. IT is essential to check the vision on a regular basis (preferably every year), and to try to exercise every day. This will help reduce the issue of slow movements and responses. In the 50’s the intensity of the aging increases to a great extent hence, it is essential for the individuals to continue with the regular exercise routines and to use this as a chance to get complete body and health checkups. It is important to do so to keep the levels of sugar and blood pressure in place to avoid any kind of health issues. The 60s calls for extensive and uncompromised care and efforts for the individual (Kirkwood, 1999). The stage of life is very delicate with need for extensive care and support at all times. Any kind of irresponsible behavior at this stage can lead to the following years to be very difficult and full of struggles for the individual. Hence high levels of care need to be taken at this stage. Kato, R.R. 2000. Three essays in health economics: uncertainty and public health. PhD thesis, University of Essex. Accessed on 16th May 2009, Retrieved from

Is violence heriditary or genetic Research Paper

Is violence heriditary or genetic - Research Paper Example Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15. Problem statement There is a high likelihood that childhood aggression and antisocial behavior in adolescent stages of development have less relationship with the genetics of the parents than it can be a hereditary characteristic. Purpose of study The research investigates the correlation that exists between childhood aggression and the prevalence of antisocial behavior during the adolescence stage. The study’s core purpose was to prove whether aggression (including childhood aggression and adolescent antisocial behavior) is hereditary or emanates from genetics of the child’s parents. Identification of framework This study is helpful in explaining the relationship between aggression, including childhood aggression and antisocial behavior among adolescents, and the parents’ genetic makeup. It also helps to prove if violence, childhood aggression and antisocial among adolescents, is hereditary. Information of designed The research determines the extent to which violence (dependent variables), in the form of childhood aggression and antisocial behavior among adolescents, depends on genetic traits of parents (independent variable). Is violence hereditary or genetic? Abstract There are exceptional advantages of undertaking research in every field of knowledge. Nursing is a fundamental field in everyday lives, a need that underscores the necessity of undertaking research to boost the provision of nursing services. Possible research topics in the field of include the exploration of the principalities behind the prevalence of violence in the society. The question as to whether violence is hereditary or genetic forms a viable area of research in nursing. Childhood violence and subsequent observations as antisocial behavior among adolescents is on as escalating trend, in the society. A number of literatures are available on this field of nursing, as discussed in this research. This study investigates the source of violence, whether hereditary or related to the genetics of the parents. There are various depictions of violence as childhood aggression and antisocial behavior among adolescents. According to the research, violence is a hereditary trait. Introduction A theory refers to an abstract of a possible description of the functionalities of a principle stated in a logical way. Studies conducted to validate such abstract explanations refer to a research. Research, in the field of nursing, explores a number of areas. It is useful in exploring principles regarding the state of children, as well. Nursing involves the provision of comprehensive care to individuals. The care extends to that provided to members of the community and entails a vital role in nursing. Children face a number of risks and their protection forms a noble role in the field of nursing. Inhumane treatments are among the different challenges children face in the society. In as much as children continue to face a number of challenges, childhood aggression and a consequential prevalence of antisocial behavior in adolescents, is on an escalating trend in society, a factor that draws concern from a number of researchers, in the field of nursing. Studies show factors that link childhood aggression to antisocial conducts upon attaining adolescence stage. The research investigates the correlation that exists between childhood aggression and the prevalence of antisocial behavior during the adolescence stage

Gender Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Analysis - Research Paper Example Dee has a strained relationship with her mother as well which is the opposite of how Maggie is with her mother. Family differences cause strained relationships as well as increase the differences among the family members. In almost every family, there are those family members who are much more intelligent than the others. They therefore outshine them when it comes to education as well as among other different fields that demand intelligence. These differences in the intellectual ability of the family members leads them hiding their needs and wants in order to avoid being outsmarted by the bright one of being considered stupid in as far as innovation is concerned (Strain 186). In this family, Dee is the bright one intellectually in the family. She is brighter than her sister Maggie whose brain seems to function slightly slower than normal making her slow. He mother cannot be said to also be the brightest pea in the pod making Dee feel quite exceptional in the family. This may also be the reason for her to leave home and be as far away from them as possible. She vowed never to bring her friends in their home as it was not according to the standards of her company. Dee’s talk was also that of an intelligent person the only problem was that she used it to force decisions to her mother and sister leading her to be considered much more elegant and sophisticated. Physical differences are also a reason for families to have strained relationships with each other. The most beautiful of them all shows off her beauty in different ways. One of the ways is through the kind of clothes she wears. This makes the rest of the family members feel inferior while the culprit does not notice it and walks around all superior. At times, they are aware of their superiority in looks and make a point of making everyone else do as they wish simply because they are more beautiful and have great

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US Essay

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US - Essay Example Collision of cloud particles falls as snow and rain that accumulates on the peaks of St. Elias Mountains, Takashina Mountains among other ranges. The snowpacks melt in warm weather and proceeds into the rivers, canals, and coastline of the park. Glacier Bay National Park is known for its diverse plant species that readily help in replenishing nitrogen in the ecosystem. Flora consists of hemlock forest, sprus, willows, alder, dryas, and fireweed. Researchers indicate that the presence of moss, alder and dryas is the immediate evidence of an excellent nitrogen cycle in an ecosystem. The park nitrogen is improved by the ability of dryas and alders to add nitrogen directly from the air. These two plant species fix the collected nitrogen from the air into their rot nodules before dropping their leaves that serves in nitrogen addition to the soil. Fungi indigenous to the forest also help in the nitrogen cycle. Plants such as hemlock, willows, fireweed and sprus found in Glacier Bay National Park absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. These plants are the primary producers of carbon in the cycle. They release the absorbed CO2 into the atmosphere in the process of respiration. The aquatic plants found in rivers Alsek, Glacier Bay, Lynn Canal, and Dry Bay also absorb the dissolved carbon dioxide in these water bodies. They use the absorbed CO2 in photosynthesis. Human activities in the park such as constructing a road leading to Newmont Exploration minefield contributes to the carbon cycle because it leads to deforestation of the park. Tourists visiting the park use gasoline and petroleum in their cars. Burning petroleum releases carbon into the atmosphere. Differences in Glacier Bay National Park’s temperature, rainfall, and composition are an evidence of rich habitat for several native plant and animal species. Tree species vary with the altitude of the mountain ranges. The lowlands of Fairweather range are covered

Global study-xxx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global study-xxx - Essay Example Overall, the issue is really complicated because on the one hand the Confederate flag is the part of the American history, and one the other hand it is not correct to have it on the Capitol due to the latest events. This debate being one of the pages of American history is greatly influenced by western imperial and colonial legacies. In fact, the legacy of western imperialism and colonialism is felt in many of today’s conflicts in regard to ethnic or religious questions, and the issue of the Confederate flag is one of them. The roots of this conflict go deep in history up to the times of slavery, and this is here that western imperialism and colonialism enter the problem. The matter is that the notion of racism, which gave birth to the current debate as well as numerous hate crimes and other issues similar to them, originates from western imperialism and colonialism, and mostly from westerner’s desire to expand the territories they had and to exploit free labor of slaves. In fact, the main reason why the notion of racism does take place in modern America is that it is imperialism and colonialism that set the boundaries between races and established the idea of differences between races and of submission of one race to another. Therefore, it is possible to say that western imperialism has given rise to animosity between people, which resulted in racism and, consequently, the issue under consideration as well. In addition to this, as it follows from Peter Frankopan’s article Go East, Young Knight, western imperialism is seen in the tendency of shifting focus when it comes to historical events. In particular, it appears that very often history is written in the way particular personalities want it to be. This is why the Confederate flag is the issue of discussion which needs clarification as there is no agreement on its meaning and role because of the differences in points of

John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay Abstract The paper presents the life of John Stuart Mill through his biography. A glimpse on his exceptional life as a child was also included in his biography. Likewise, his major contributions as a philosopher and economist were also discussed. Since John Stuart Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, the paper focuses its discussion on Mill and utilitarianism. The views of John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and how it differs from Bentham’s views were given much attention in the paper. The history of utilitarianism was also presented to show how utilitarianism evolved. The confusions of many people, regarding who the real founder of utilitarianism, was clarified through the history of utilitarianism. Introduction John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), is a British philosopher-economist, who is the son of James Mill. He is one of the best 19th century thinkers. In economics, he was influenced by the theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Robert Malthus, and his Principles of Political Economy is a little more than a restatement of their ideas. He had a great impact on 19th century British thought, not only in philosophy and economics but also in the areas of political science, logic, and ethics. He was a proponent of utilitarianism. He systematized the utilitarian doctrines of his father and Jeremy Bentham in such works as Utilitarianism (1863), basing knowledge upon human experience and emphasizing human reason. In political economy, Mill advocated those policies that he believed most consistent with individual liberty, and he emphasized that liberty could be threatened as much by social as by political tyranny. He is probably most famous for his essay â€Å"On Liberty† (1859). He studied pre-Marxian socialist doctrine, and, although he did not become a socialist, he worked actively for improvement of the conditions of the working people. Utilitarianism is a philosophy which has been around for centuries, and is still active and popular in the modern world. It is important not only in philosophy itself, but in disciplines such as economics, political science, and decision theory. To some people, Utilitarianism seems to be the only ethical philosophy which is obviously correct. To others, it seems to be quite misconceived, even reprehensible. Biography of John Stuart Mill. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a British philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and administrator. He was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views are of continuing significance, and are generally recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual freedom and human well-being. John Stuart Mill was born on May 20, 1806 in Pentonville, London. He was the eldest son of James Mill, a Scottish philosopher and historian who had come to London and become a leading figure in the group of philosophical radicals which aimed to further the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. His mother was Harriet Barrow, who seems to have had very little influence upon him. Mill was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children of his own age other than his siblings. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham were dead. John Stuart Mill as a child was exceptional. At the age of three he was taught the Greek alphabet and long lists of Greek words with their English equivalents. By the age of eight he had read Aesop’s Fables, Xenophon’s Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laertius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato. He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic. At fifteen, John Stuart Mill undertook the study of Benthams various fragments on the theory of legal evidence. These had an inspiring influence on him, fixing in him his life-long goal of reforming the world in the interest of human well-being. At the age of seventeen, he had completed advanced and thorough courses of study in Greek literature and philosophy, chemistry, botany, psychology, and law. In 1822 Mill began to work as a clerk for his father in the examiners office of the India House. In 1823, he co-founded the Westminster Review with Jeremy Bentham as a journal for philosophical radicals. This intensive study however had injurious effects on Mills mental health, and state of mind. At the age of twenty-one, he suffered a nervous breakdown. This was caused by the great physical and mental arduousness of his studies which had suppressed any feelings or spirituality he might have developed normally in childhood. Nevertheless, this depression eventually began to dissipate, as he began to find solace in the poetry of William Wordsworth. His capacity for emotion resurfaced, Mill remarking that the â€Å"cloud gradually drew off†. In 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years of an at times intense friendship and love affair. Taylor was a significant influence on Mills work and ideas during both friendship and marriage. His relationship with Harriet Taylor reinforced Mills advocacy of womens rights. He died in Avignon, France in 1873, and is buried alongside his wife. John Stuart Mill and the Classical School of Thought Classical economics starts with Adam Smith, as a coherent economic theory, continues with the British economists Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, and culminates in the synthesis of John Stuart Mill, who as a young man was a follower of David Ricardo. Among the classical economists in the three-quarters of a century, although they have differences of opinion between Smiths Wealth of Nations and Mills Principles of Political Economy (1848), the members of the group still agreed on major principles. All believed in private property, free markets, and, in Mills words, that â€Å"only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science. † They shared Smiths strong suspicion of government and his ardent confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his famous â€Å"invisible hand,† which reconciled public benefit with individual pursuit of private gain. From Ricardo, classicists derived the notion of diminishing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land, yields after â€Å"a certain and not very advanced stage in the progress of agriculture steadily diminished. † Through Smiths emphasis on consumption, rather than on production, the scope of economics was considerably broadened. Smith was optimistic about the chances of improving general standards of life. He called attention to the importance of permitting individuals to follow their self-interest as a means of promoting national prosperity. History of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a fairly old philosophy, and major elements of it are even older. The best known, and most prolific, utilitarian philosophers were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In their time, utilitarianism was a significant philosophical movement in Britain, and the utilitarians were some of the leading social reformers of the time. John Stuart Mill, especially, is quite well known today. Many people seem to think, unfortunately, that utilitarianism began with Bentham and ended with Mill. This is quite wrong in two ways. First, Bentham was not the first utilitarian, although he did coin the word utilitarianism. Various pre-Benthamite philosophers were advocating utilitarian positions several decades before Bentham was born. Also, utilitarianism has a lot in common with ancient non-utilitarian philosophers, such as Mo Tzu and Jesus. Both of these people advocated a doctrine of universal love. These doctrines were not precisely stated enough to compare directly with utilitarianism, but they were definitely universalist and egalitarian, and had strong currents of consequentialism, welfarism, and (at least in the case of Mo Tzu) maximization. The second problem with the popular misconception is that there has been a great deal of development in utilitarianism since Mill. Some people are aware, for example, of the later developments of Preference Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Mill is still usually regarded as the main resource on Utilitarianism, though. Part of the problem is that he wrote about it comprehensively, and there have been few good comprehensive books about utilitarianism since then. Modern utilitarianism is in many ways far more sophisticated than that of Mill. Most importantly, it has become connected with many developments in areas such as economics, political science, and decision theory. Utilitarianism has always enjoyed an essentially unique position as the only philosophy which applied to all areas of human endeavor in a reasonably straightforward endeavor, and committed to specific positions on how conflict between various interests should be resolved. In Mills time, utilitarianism was strongly linked to economics, although the two disciplines subsequently diverged. Today, Preference Utilitarianism as a theory underlies many ideas in the sciences, and has been formalized to a degree that Mill never dreamed of. The idea of utility maximization even has applications entirely outside of philosophy, such as its use in artificial intelligence to represent how a computer could make trade-offs between different goals. Utilitarianism today exists both as a powerful kind of formal reasoning, and as the philosophy which says that such reasoning should define the moral ideal in human affairs. Utilitarianism can even be formally derived from a set of four reasonable seeming axioms, something that no other major philosophy can claim. The modern state of utilitarianism in relation to other philosophies is actually quite unusual. Most philosophies exist in theoretical isolation, based on ideas which have little in common with ideas in other disciplines. Other disciplines, in turn, dont have much formal contact with them. Most major philosophies have a significant presence in politics and social issues, with people explicitly referring to issues such as rights and equality when debating how society should be organized. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, exists mostly in the background of popular discourse. People who claim to follow other philosophies often make utilitarian arguments when it suits them, and utilitarian arguments are often used by people who wouldnt claim to follow any specific philosophy at all. Many philosophers make sure to explicitly place their ideas in opposition to utilitarianism, as if it were always lurking in the background ready to pounce on the unsuspecting theory. In part, this may be because utilitarianism is a sort of philosophical hydra, growing a new position for each one that is dismissed. While specific utilitarian ideas are vulnerable to attack, the underlying sentiments have proven amazingly resilient and have evolved to remain entirely current. Throughout the twentieth century, many philosophers confidently predicted that utilitarianism had been devastated, and would soon fall out of favor only to be disproved when it remained as popular as ever. Utilitarian perspectives have also been quietly adopted in domains ranging from economics, political science, and decision theory to cognitive science and artificial intelligence. This has given modern utilitarianism a powerful formulation like no other, and a strong applied tradition. The old questions of how to measure utility, and how to maximize it most effectively in practice, have been extensively researched outside of philosophy. The result of this is that while other philosophies often talk in general terms of how they should be applied, and have problems in resolving conflicts between various principles, utilitarianism is at the cutting edge of rigorously applicable principles. Which is still, it should be mentioned, far from perfect. John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the most influential moral philosophy in the last two centuries. Jeremy Bentham is the acknowledged founder of utilitarianism. He admitted however that he took over the principle of utility from David Hume. By stating categorically that there is an ultimate good – a summum bonum, John Stuart Mill, the most famous utilitarian, laid the foundation of his moral philosophy. According to Mill, all moral actions should be aimed at attaining this good. Mill insists that this good is happiness. According to the Greatest Happiness Principle, †¦ the ultimate end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are desirable – whether we are considering our own good or that of other people – is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in point of quantity and quality†¦ ( Boyce, p. 36) Mill states his teological position by insisting that the rightness of an action is determined by the actual consequences. It cannot be done by simply examining the nature of the act alone. The real value of our actions depends on whether it promotes the good or not. The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals Utility or Greatest Happiness Principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. Wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain, by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure. (Boyce, p. 36) Mill differs radically from Bentham on two important points. He is vehemently against the purely quantitative treatment of the principle of utility. According to Mill, we have to admit that some pleasures are intrinsically superior to others. He disdainfully said: It is better to be a human being dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides. (Solomon, p. 310 ) To confirm his point, Mill cites Epicurus (341-270 B. C. ) who also espoused the view that while the good life is the life of pleasure, he does not mean only bodily and sensual pleasure alone. These are higher forms like intellectual and spiritual pleasure. According to both philosophers some pleasures are intrinsically superior to others. When there are some issues that arise about the criterion for judging the quality of pleasure. Mill argues that: If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality of pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in amount, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures if there is be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of a feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure. If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both, placed so far above the other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent, and would not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasure which their name is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a superiority in quality so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison of small account. (Solomon, pp. 297-298). The example given by Mill is Socrates who is acquainted with both bodily pleasure and intellectual pleasure. If you ask which pleasure is more desirable, obviously, according to Mill, Socrates will choose intellectual pleasure. So the criterion for judging which pleasure is better than another must be made by a judge who has experienced both kinds of pleasures. Indeed, Mill is calling for an inter-subjective consensus of people who experienced both types of pleasure. The introduction of quality of pleasure added undue complication to Bentham’s quantitative calculus. The higher pleasure consists of the more intellectual, artistic and even spiritual, like reading poetry, speculating about the nature or the cosmos, enjoying of music and the visual arts etc. as opposed to the more sensual and physical, like eating good food, indulging in sex and other physical stimulation. It must be mentioned though, that Mill is not excluding the lower pleasure from consideration. But obviously, he personally prefers the higher pleasures. Remember that it is the pig that provides the model for lower pleasure; in contrast, it is Socrates who exemplifies the quest for higher pleasures. Mill’s proof on the soundness of the principle of utility: The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people actually hear it; and so the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence is it possible to produce that anything is desirable that people do actually desire it†¦ no reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desire his own happiness. (Solomon, p. 319 ). This proof has been the subject of debate among utlilitarian scholars. According to Solomon, the most generous interpretation of Mill’s proof are the following: one’s own happiness or pleasure is the only thing desired by each person; the general happiness or the happiness of all is the only thing desired for itself by all; the only test of something being desirable is its being desired; the general happiness is the only thing desired in itself; and lastly, the only test of the rightness or wrongness of actions is their tendency to promote the general happiness (the greatest happiness for the greatest number). Summary and Conclusion John Stuart Mill, being a philosopher and an economist had a great impact in the 19th century british thought not only in the field of philosophy and economics but also in other areas of political science, logic, and ethics. His exceptional childhood because of his father’s rigorous training had injurious effects on his mental health, and state of mind. Nevertheless, his father was able to create a genius in him that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after the death of his father and Bentham. One of the important works of John Stuart Mill was Utilitarianism, which argues for the philosophy of Utilitarianism. This philosophy was primarily formed by Jeremy Bentham, but Mills father James Mill was also a proponent. Utilitarianism holds that actions are good in proportion to the amount of happiness produced and number of people happiness is produced in. Mills main innovation to Utilitarianism is the idea of a hierarchy of pleasures. Bentham had treated all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argued that intellectual and moral pleasures and developments were superior to more physical forms of pleasure. His views are of continuing significance, and are recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual freedom and human well-being. His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a continuing influence among a broad public. References: ACUNA, A. E. 2001. Philosophical Analysis. 5th Edition. U. P. Department of Philosophy. Diliman, Quezon City. Autobiography by John Stuart Mill. http://www. utilitarianism. com/jsmill. htm. BOYCE, W. D. 1978. Moral Reasoning. University of Nebraska Press. London. MONTGOMERIE, I. 2000. A Utilitarian FAQ. http://www. ianmontgomerie. com /manifesto/utilitarian. SOLOMON, R. C. Morality and the Good Life. 1984. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Webster’s Family Encyclopedia. 1999. Vol. 6. Archer Worldwide Inc. Great Neck, New York, U. S. A.