Essay --

Microchip Implant Technology is defined as an identifying integrated roach placed under the skin of a dog, cat, horse, parrot or other animal. The chip, about the coat of a large grain of rice, uses passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology. This doojigger may appear innocent on the surface but as we take a deeper look into the receptive the demons reveal themselves. I do not feel it is necessary or ethical to track worlds with this form of technology. There has been much controversy over the last decade on the subject of Implant Tracking Technology. Implantations in humans has a lot of futurists worried.In October 2004, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the VeriChip in humans. VeriChip is a microchip, the size of a grain of rice, which can be plant under the skin with a simple injection. Like the bar codes on consumer products, it stores coded information that can be read with a scanner. VeriChip is among the latest versions of an existing tec hnology radio frequency identification chips (RFIDs) that are small enough to be implanted in human beings, but used mostly by businesses to track their inventories and shipping companies to log cargo. RFIDs are also popular among wildlife managers, farmers, and pet owners one million chips have been implanted in pets and gunstock. The idea of tracking animals does not bring a negative feeling upon me unlike implantation in humans. It is one thing to track your livestock but when it comes to tracking humans it seems like such an intrusion of privacy. Many commonwealth would likely welcome these tracking devices such as those caring for people with Alzheimers disease or other forms of dementia, or parents worried about how well their day care center is wa... ...ers? You could be a ticking conviction bomb with your life in someone elses hands. The Safe Medical Devices Act, which became a law in 1990, requires USA manufacturers of implants and medical devices, to adopt a mode for identifying and tracking their products permanently implanted in humans, and to keep track of the recipients, in case malfunctions arise. Breast implants, pacemakers, replacement heart valves and prosthetic devices implanted in millions global are all to be tracked. And one of the methods used to track these devices is implanting microchips which store data about the manufacturer, the surgeon, the date of implant, etc.The best way to prevent an invasion of privacy by implant tracking technology is to not receive the implant. At this point it cannot be forced. It is rumored that millions may already be carrying microchips in their torso worldwide.

The Tragedy Of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the leading figures of American literature. He is known as a poet and a critic, but is most famous as the first master of the short story form, especially tales of the mysterious and gruesome. In Poes poems, like his tales, his characters ar tortured by nameless fears and longings. Today Poe is acclaimed as one of Americas superlative writers, but in his own unhappy aliveness age he knew trivial but failure.Poe had an unstable family life. The insecure place he held at home interfered with his emotional stability. He was born as the son of actors. The two were non notably talented they played minor roles in third-rate theatrical companies. (Buranalli 7) Between them they barely managed to make a living. Poe was the second of their three children. Ab stunned the time the third child was born, the father died, or disappeared, and Mrs. Poe went to Richmond, Virginia with the two youngest children. The oldest child, William Henry, had been left in the care of his grandparents in Baltimore shortly after his birth. Mrs. Poe was overtaken by a fatal illness (tuberculosis). Devastated by the disease and worn out with the struggle to support her children, she died. Edgar, two years old, and the infant, Rosaline, were orphaned. Poe was taken into the home of John Allan, a wealthy merchant. His wife, Frances Allan, had no children and treasured to adopt Poe as her son. Mr. Allan was unwilling to commit himself to a step of such permanence. The acting profession was despised at the time and was even considered immoral. (Meyers 11) Mr. Allan thought the little son of actor parents was a questionable person to inherit his name and the fortune he was busy accumulating. He was however, willing to support the child, to please his wife. Family was of the greatest importance in Richmond, the place where Poe spent most of his boyhood. Poe felt the difference between the children at school and himself. He was not close to his (foster) father, like another(prenominal) boys were. Mr. Allans unwillingness to adopt him bothered him greatly. It hurt him that he was not wanted enough by his father to legally be his son. He acted out in fits of temper and rebellion. His family did not understand his reasoning for being so upset. Mr. Allan was a hardheaded businessman with no patience for Poes reasonless actions. He handled the situation by reminding the boy of his disreput... ...ing the winter of 1846-47, when the couple had little food of fuel, Virginia reached the end of life.After Virginias death Poe became even more depressed and temperamental. He slept with many women in a vain attempt to find comfort for the loss of his wife. In 1849 he re-met his high school sweetheart, Elmira. They became engaged. After making hook up with plans, he set out for New York City from Richmond, but disappeared in Baltimore. He was found five days after he disappeared very just about death. He died without regaining full consciousness, four da ys later on October 7, 1849, ten days before the date he had set for his wedding.Poes life was indeed marked by misery and tragedy. He was abandon by his father, lived in poverty as a writer, and suffered the loss of many loved ones. On the other hand, maybe it was his dreary life that caused him to escape into the imaginative fantasy world that became his writers playground. Looking at it from that perspective, perhaps his unfortunate individualized life was the springboard for his success as a writer. Poe did, no matter, have great talent and will forever be remembered for his brilliance in American literature.

Aspire...To Be More Than Youre Worth Essay -- Literary Analysis

Multiple readings took place during the postmodern time period they described ideas ranging from conceptual frameworks and ideologies to science and realism. The novel took place during the postmodernism era, moreover it still strongly relates to todays society. How humans interact with one another plays a huge role throughout this novel as Camus exemplifies a haunting nineteenth century postmodern novel that expresses human emotions through his characters making The Stranger one of the greatest pieces of literature for generations to come.Before writing his novel, The Stranger, Albert Camus became experience in writing. The French novelist was born in Mondovi, Algeria, and was educated at the University of Algiers (Olafson 1). After studying theater, Camus soon came to the realization he wanted to become a novelist. During the setoff few months out of college, Camus was active writing and producing plays for a theater group he had founded in Algiers. About the same time he b egan his career as a journalist, and in 1940 he moved to Paris (Olafson 1). Producing plays set a respectable background for Camus as this led him to become an improved writer and asseverate novels as well. Albert Camus began his literary frame in 1942 with his first novel, Letranger (The Stranger) (Olafson 1). This novel was one of Camuss more famous pieces of work it describes human battles as well as their aspirations. Throughout The Stranger, Camus uses world views of well-known philosophers even Though he was baptized, raised, and educated as a Catholic and invariably respectful towards the Church, Camus seems to have been a natural-born goy therefore, the development of Christian literature and philosophy helped influence Cam... ...e Virtual lineament Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Postmodernism. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 6. Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 395-397. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Boucher, Jean-Yves. Camus, Albert. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Ed. Robert Kastenbaum. Vol. 1. New York Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 87-88. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Camus, Albert. The Stranger. United Kingdom time of origin International Books, 1988. Print.Danesi, Marcel. Postmodernism. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 3. Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 1462-1464. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Novels for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley. Vol. 6. Detroit Gale, 1999. p276-296.

Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped Countries Essay

Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped CountriesThe dress hat examples of the mint off surrounded by successfulness and violence areattributed in Bates to the early developers, whose success storystands in contrast to the prospect of the posthumous developers whos berth is fundamentally re slowlyd to their historical relationshipwith the developed nations. In order to come to an understanding ofthe trade off amid prosperity and violence it is consequentlynecessary to establish the foothold of clearion mingled with developed andunderdeveloped countries. This paper exit therefore establish thecause of the trade off between prosperity and violence in order tohighlight its impediments. In doing so this paper will argue that thehistory of early developers is characterised in Bates by the interplaybetween prosperity and violence and their single roles ininspiring the great transformation. It will be argued that the tradeoff between prosperity and violence passes through distinct stageswhich has implications for the prospects of late developers. Fromagrarian beginnings in which a fragile peace was established via thethreat of privately wielded violence to the feudal period which seesmonarchs engage in wars, the trade off between prosperity and violenceis the outcome or solution of the exigencies of the time. There isthen a stark contrast between the histories of the developed nationsand the forward-looking histories of the late developers. Following Bates, itwill be argued that the trade off between prosperity and violence hasnot yet effectively taken place at heart the developing world. Theimpact of globose economic forces coupled with the impact of the coldwar has negatively impacted the late deve... ....However, there is no doubt that the late developer?s ability to bear the ?great transformation? has been perverted by the post warpolitical and economic environment. Insofar as the course of the latedevelopers direction has diverted f rom the norm established by theearly developers, the trade-off between prosperity and violence hasnot been accomplished.ReferencesBates, R, (2000), Prosperity and Violence the political saving ofdevelopment, W. W. Norton and company, New York and LondonTodaro, M, (1997), ? sparing development?, Sixth Edition, LondonLongmanValenzuela, J.S and Valenzuela, A., (1978) Modernisation andDependency alternative perspectives in the study of Latin AmericanUnderdevelopment, Comparative political relation 10Kothari, U and Minogue, M, (2002), ontogeny theory and practicecritical perspectives, Palgrave Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped Countries EssayProsperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped CountriesThe best examples of the trade off between prosperity and violence areattributed in Bates to the early developers, whose success storystands in contrast to the prospect of the late developers whossituation is fundamentally related to their historica l relationshipwith the developed nations. In order to come to an understanding ofthe trade off between prosperity and violence it is thereforenecessary to establish the terms of distinction between developed andunderdeveloped countries. This paper will therefore establish thecause of the trade off between prosperity and violence in order tohighlight its impediments. In doing so this paper will argue that thehistory of early developers is characterised in Bates by the interplaybetween prosperity and violence and their respective roles ininspiring the great transformation. It will be argued that the tradeoff between prosperity and violence passes through distinct stageswhich has implications for the prospects of late developers. Fromagrarian beginnings in which a fragile peace was established via thethreat of privately wielded violence to the feudal period which seesmonarchs engage in wars, the trade off between prosperity and violenceis the outcome or solution of the exigencies of th e time. There isthen a stark contrast between the histories of the developed nationsand the modern histories of the late developers. Following Bates, itwill be argued that the trade off between prosperity and violence hasnot yet effectively taken place within the developing world. Theimpact of global economic forces coupled with the impact of the coldwar has negatively impacted the late deve... ....However, there is no doubt that the late developer?s ability toundergo the ?great transformation? has been perverted by the post warpolitical and economic environment. Insofar as the course of the latedevelopers direction has diverted from the norm established by theearly developers, the trade-off between prosperity and violence hasnot been accomplished.ReferencesBates, R, (2000), Prosperity and Violence the political economy ofdevelopment, W. W. Norton and company, New York and LondonTodaro, M, (1997), ?Economic development?, Sixth Edition, LondonLongmanValenzuela, J.S and Valenzuela, A ., (1978) Modernisation andDependency alternative perspectives in the study of Latin AmericanUnderdevelopment, Comparative Politics 10Kothari, U and Minogue, M, (2002), Development theory and practicecritical perspectives, Palgrave

Promotional Strategies Essay -- essays research papers

How do I get my product/service out there? This is a question that many people who plan to receive their own businesses, or even so larger companies who have already established a name for themselves, frequently ask. Your product or service may be the latest and greatest on the market today, but that doesnt help you if no one knows it exists. You need to find someway to make yourself and your product known.     That is where promotion comes into play. scarcely what exactly is promotion? Well, www.dictionary.com defines promotion asThe act of promoting or the fact of being promoted advancement. Encouragement of the progress, growth, or acceptance of something furtherance. Advertising publicity. Essenti everyy this covers everything from commercials to magazine ads and even free items given out at exhibitions and trade shows. Promotion is preformed many different ways by many different people but when it all comes down to it there is really only one purpose. To get your name out there.     Now youre probably wondering which kind or promotional dodging would be best for your product, and you would be right to wonder about this. Not every product can be marketed in the same way. Truth be told the promotional strategy is based solely on the product or service. There is no list of defined laws for promotion. The best I can do is give some examples of promotion and explain some points. The rest is really up to you.     For simplicity sake all of my promotional examples are taken from the swordplay software aspect of the Information Technology field. More specifically the games programmed for gaming consoles such as the Playstation and GameCube.     To start things off well discuss the media aspect of promotion. But scantily what makes a promotion successful? And how many types of promotions are out there? The Handbook Of Market Segmentation saysSuccessful advertising calls for inves ting your dollars wisely. Advertising expenditures should be allocated to those media vehicles which can best deliver to target markets. Scores of different media can be used. One advertising company claimed that more than 14,000 choices exist. Obviously, most of these media are obscure, impractical, or unimportant. For simplicity, media can be divided into three major classes1.Bro... ... into a promotion for a product that hasnt been completed yet. Nintendo decided the best course of action would be to take shots of what they already have completed, put it to some good sounding dramatic music, just to show viewers what this game will have to offer.      afterwards all of this you have to ask yourself Is all of this stuff really worth it?. Most companies would say definitely. Promotional items make sure that people have somatogenetic objects to remember your product by, and as for the commercials, well, Alan Bruce said it best in his article Marking 50 Years Of Memorable TVIf the TV medium has cerebrate to celebrate anything lately, its commercials like these. And industry groups just that marking the 50th anniversary of those ineluctable ads whose history is as memorable for better or worse as that of the TV programming itself.     Bibliographies1.Weinstein, Art. The Handbook of Market Segmentation. New York The Haworth Press, 20042.Bruce, Alan. "Marking 50 Years of Memorable TV The Commercials" Christian Science Monitor. 3 Mar. 1995 Vol 87, Issue 673.Videos care of www.nintendo.com

Promotional Strategies Essay -- essays research papers

How do I get my product/service out there? This is a question that many people who plan to begin their own businesses, or even larger companies who have already established a name for themselves, frequently ask. Your product or service may be the latest and greatest on the market today, but that doesnt help you if no one knows it exists. You need to project someway to make yourself and your product known.     That is where promotion comes into play. But what exactly is promotion? Well, www.dictionary.com defines promotion asThe act of promoting or the fact of being promoted advancement. Encouragement of the progress, growth, or acceptance of something furtherance. Advertising publicity. Essentially this covers everything from commercials to magazine ads and even free items given out at exhibitions and trade stages. Promotion is preformed many different ways by many different people but when it all comes down to it there is really only one purpose. To get your name out there.     Now youre likely wondering which kind or promotional strategy would be best for your product, and you would be right to wonder about this. Not every product brook be marketed in the same way. Truth be told the promotional strategy is based solely on the product or service. There is no appoint of defined laws for promotion. The best I can do is give some examples of promotion and explain some points. The rest is really up to you.     For simplicity interest all of my promotional examples are taken from the gaming software aspect of the Information Technology field. More specifically the games programmed for gaming consoles such as the Playstation and GameCube.     To offshoot things off well discuss the media aspect of promotion. But just what makes a promotion successful? And how many types of promotions are out there? The Handbook Of Market air division saysSuccessful publicize calls for investin g your dollars wisely. Advertising expenditures should be allocated to those media vehicles which can best deliver to target markets. Scores of different media can be used. One advertising company claimed that more than 14,000 choices exist. Obviously, most of these media are obscure, impractical, or unimportant. For simplicity, media can be divided into three major classes1.Bro... ... into a promotion for a product that hasnt been consummate yet. Nintendo decided the best course of action would be to take shots of what they already have completed, put it to some good sounding dramatic music, just to show viewers what this game will have to offer.     After all of this you have to ask yourself Is all of this stuff really worth it?. Most companies would say definitely. promotional items make sure that people have physical objects to remember your product by, and as for the commercials, well, Alan Bruce said it best in his article Marking 50 days Of Memorable TV If the TV medium has reason to celebrate anything lately, its commercials like these. And industry groups just that marking the 50th anniversary of those ineluctable ads whose history is as memorable for better or worse as that of the TV programming itself.     Bibliographies1.Weinstein, Art. The Handbook of Market Segmentation. New York The Haworth Press, 20042.Bruce, Alan. "Marking 50 Years of Memorable TV The Commercials" Christian Science Monitor. 3 Mar. 1995 Vol 87, Issue 673.Videos care of www.nintendo.com

E Commerce

E-commerce advantages and disadvantages E-commerce provides many new ways for businesses and consumers to communicate and conduct business. There be a number of advantages and disadvantages of conducting business in this manner. E-commerce advantages Some advantages that batch be achieved from e-commerce include Being commensurate to conduct business 24 x 7 x 365 . E-commerce organisations can operate exclusively day every day. Your natural storefront does non need to be open in order for customers and suppliers to be doing business with you electronically. Access the global foodstuffplace . The internet spans the world, and it is possible to do business with any business or person who is connected to the Internet. Simple local businesses much(prenominal) as specialist record stores atomic number 18 adequate to mart and sell their offerings internationally using e-commerce. This global opportunity is assisted by the fact that, unlike traditional communications methods , users be non charged match to the distance over which they are communicating. Speed. Electronic communications allow messages to traverse the world al to a greater extent or less instantaneously. There is no need to wait weeks for a separate to arrive by post that communications delay is non a part of the Internet / e-commerce world. Marketspace. The foodstuff in which web-based businesses operate is the global market. It whitethorn not be evident to them, but many businesses are already facing international competition from web-enabled businesses. Opportunity to reduce be.The Internet makes it very easy to take a crap around for products and serve that may be cheaper or more in force(p) than we baron former(a)wise settle for. It is whatevertimes possible to, d superstar some online research, identify headmaster manufacturers for some goods thereby bypassing wholesalers and achieving a cheaper p sieve. Computer platform-independent . Many, if not most, computers tu rn in the ability to communicate via the Internet independent of operating systems and hardware.Customers are not limited by existing hardware systems (Gascoyne & Ozcubukcu, 199787). Efficient applications development environment In many respects, applications can be more efficiently developed and distributed because the can be create without regard to the customers or the business partners technology platform. Application updates do not have to be manually installed on computers. Rather, Internet-related technologies provide this capability inherently finished automatic deployment of software updates (Gascoyne & Ozcubukcu, 199787). Allowing customer self service and customer outsourcing. People can interact with businesses at any hour of the day that it is convenient to them, and because these interactions are initiated by customers, the customers as hale provide a lot of the entropy for the transaction that may some separatewise need to be entered by business staff. This m eans that some of the work and costs are utilely shifted to customers this is referred to as customer outsourcing. Stepping beyond borders to a global view. employ aspects of e-commerce technology can mean your business can source and use products and services provided by former(a) businesses in other countries. This seems obvious enough to say, but people do not always moot the implications of e-commerce. For example, in many ways it can be easier and cheaper to host and operate some e-commerce activities outside Australia. Further, because many e-commerce transactions involve acknowledgement cards, many businesses in Australia need to make arrangements for accepting online payments.However a number of major Australian banks have tended to be un military serviceful laggards on this front, charging a lot of money and making it difficult to establish these arrangements particularly for smaller businesses and/or businesses that dont fit into a traditional-economy understanding of business. In some topics, therefore, it can be easier and cheaper to set up arrangements which bypass this aspect of the Australian banking system. Admittedly, this can create some grey areas for legal and taxation gets, but these can be dealt with.And yes these circumstances do have implications for Australias national competitiveness and the competitiveness of our industries and businesses. As a further thought, many businesses obtain it easier to buy and sell in U. S. dollars it is effectively the major currency of the Internet. In this context, global online customers can find the concept of peculiar and unfamiliar currencies disconcerting. Some businesses find they can achieve higher prices online and in US dollars than they would achieve sell locally or nationally.Given that banks often charge fees for converting currencies, this is another reason to wonder all of your (national and international) options for accepting and making online payments. In brief, it is useful to take a global view with regard the potential and organisation of your e-commerce activities, especially if you are targeting global customers. A new selling send. The Internet provides an measurable new channel to sell to consumers. Peterson et al. 1999) suggest that, as a marketing channel, the Internet has the following characteristics the ability to inexpensively store vast amounts of tuition at distinct virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) locations the availability of powerful and inexpensive means of searching, organising, and disseminating such instruction inter activeness and the ability to provide schooling on demand the ability to provide perceptual experiences that are far superior to a printed catalogue, although not as rich as personal inspection the capability to serve as a transaction strong suit the ability to serve as a somatogenetic distribution medium for certain goods (e. g. , software) relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers no other existi ng marketing channel possesses all of these characteristics. Some of these advantages and their surrounding issues are discussed below in further detail. E-commerce disadvantages and constraints Some disadvantages and constraints of e-commerce include the following. Time for lecture of corporal products . It is possible to visit a local music store and walk out with a compact disc, or a reservestore and leave with a book.E-commerce is often used to buy goods that are not available locally from businesses all over the world, meaning that corporeal goods need to be delivered, which takes time and costs money. In some cases there are ways around this, for example, with electronic files of the music or books being accessed crosswise the Internet, but then these are not physical goods. Physical product, supplier & delivery uncertainty . When you walk out of a shop with an item, its yours. You have it you know what it is, where it is and how it looks. In some respects e-commerce purch ases are made on bank.This is because, graduationly, not having had physical access to the product, a purchase is made on an expectation of what that product is and its condition. Secondly, because supplying businesses can be conducted across the world, it can be uncertain whether or not they are legitimate businesses and are not just going to take your money. Its pretty hard to crash on their door to complain or seek legal recourse Thirdly, even if the item is sent, it is easy to start wondering whether or not it allow for ever arrive. Perishable goods . Forget close ordination a single gelato ice cream from a shop in RomeThough specialise or refrigerated transport can be used, goods bought and sold via the Internet tend to be durable and non-perishable they need to survive the trip from the supplier to the buy business or consumer. This shifts the bias for perishable and/or non-durable goods back towards traditional supply cosmic string arrangements, or towards relatively more local e-commerce-based purchases, sales and distribution. In contrast, durable goods can be traded from almost anyone to almost anyone else, sparking competition for subvert prices.In some cases this leads to disintermediation in which intermediary people and businesses are bypassed by consumers and by other businesses that are seeking to purchase more directly from manufacturers. Limited and selected sensory information. The Internet is an effective conduit for visual and auditory information seeing pictures, auditory reek sounds and reading text. However it does not allow full scope for our senses we can see pictures of the flowers, but not smell their fragrance we can see pictures of a hammer, but not feel its weight or balance.Further, when we pick up and inspect something, we choose what we look at and how we look at it. This is not the case on the Internet. If we were looking at buying a car on the Internet, we would see the pictures the seller had chosen for us to se e but not the things we might look for if we were able to see it in person. And, taking into account our other senses, we cant test the car to hear the sound of the engine as it tilts gears or sense the smell and feel of the leather seats. There are many ways in which the Internet does not convey the richness of experiences of the world.This lack of sensory information means that people are often much more lucky buying via the Internet generic goods things that they have seen or experienced before and around which there is little am plumpinguity, rather than unique or complex things. Returning goods. Returning goods online can be an area of difficulty. The uncertainties surrounding the initial payment and delivery of goods can be exacerbated in this process. Will the goods get back to their source? Who pays for the return postage? Will the refund be paid? Will I be left with nothing?How long will it take? Contrast this with the offline experience of returning goods to a shop. Pr ivacy, protective cover, payment, identity, contract. Many issues arise privacy of information, hostage of that information and payment details, whether or not payment details (eg credit card details) will be misused, identity theft, contract, and, whether we have one or not, what laws and legal legal power apply. Defined services & the unexpected . E-commerce is an effective means for managing the transaction of cognize and established services, that is, things that are everyday.It is not suitable for dealing with the new or unexpected. For example, a transport company used to dealing with simple packages being asked if it can transport a hippopotamus, or a customer asking for a book order to be wrapped in blue and white polka dot paper with a bow. Such requests need human intervention to investigate and resolve. Personal service . Although some human interaction can be drived via the web, e-commerce can not provide the richness of interaction provided by personal service.For most businesses, e-commerce methods provide the equivalent of an information-rich counter attendant rather than a salesperson. This besides means that feedback about how people react to product and service offerings also tends to be more granular or perhaps lost using e-commerce approaches. If your solo feedback is that people are (or are not) buying your products or services online, this is inadequate for evaluating how to change or improve your e-commerce strategies and/or product and service offerings.Successful business use of e-commerce typically involves strategies for gaining and applying customer feedback. This helps businesses to understand, anticipate and meet changing online customer necessitate and preferences, which is critical because of the comparatively rapid rate of ongoing Internet-based change. Size and number of transactions. E-commerce is most often conducted using credit card facilities for payments, and as a yield very small and very large transactions ten d not to be conducted online.The size of transactions is also impacted by the economics of transporting physical goods. For example, any benefits or conveniences of buying a box of pens online from a US-based business tend to be eclipsed by the cost of having to pay for them to be delivered to you in Australia. The delivery costs also mean that buying individual items from a range of different overseas businesses is significantly more expensive than buying all of the goods from one overseas business because the goods can be packaged and shipped together.E CommerceElectronic commerce, crudely know as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a persona of diligence where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer nedeucerks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic entropy inte rchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World massive Web at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, favorable media, and telephones as easily. Electronic commerce is slackly considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the transposition of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating inside an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and tender media Electronic Data Interchange (ED) , the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching potential and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security measures of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce amidst companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships betwixt and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts address that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized contented, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the gage largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Business-to- establishment e-commerce or B2G is slackly defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the public sector assumes a pilot program/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the superior need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies emergence the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of fall e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain und eveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the festering of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they extremity from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. nomadic Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of select for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. political regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade boot (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online publicizing and consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM put to work of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission figure regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its sureness under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in somatic privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 worldwidely there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From this came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN orifice since April 2001. It is a portal to discover complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific sparing Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through bleak and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulat ions throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is cover under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial service Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Services guiding (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Art icle 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the profit to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data equity and security are very eager and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the uphill t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. world(prenominal) trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when deliberate by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czechoslovakian Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest parting to the enterprises inwardness revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 trillion internet users, Chinas online shop sales rose to $36. 6 jillion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge maturement has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese sellers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e-commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 gazillion yuan ($375. 8 gazillion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is intercommunicate to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will mates 5% of total retail passel in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential ashes solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from conk out sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having enter the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the regions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by 4 economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43E CommerceElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World Wide Web at least at one point in the transactions life-c ycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (ED), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling T he security of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Bu siness-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the public sector assumes a pilot/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the greatest need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctio ns, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. Governmental regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online advertising a nd consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair t rade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From this came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial Services Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Services Directive (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consump tion, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the nascent t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. Global trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czech Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 millio n internet users, Chinas online shopping sales rose to $36. 6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e-commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 trillion yuan ($375. 8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy dou ble-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential remains solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having recorded the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the reg ions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of booksell er, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43E CommerceElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World Wide Web at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and paym ent aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (ED), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. Abo ut 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the pub lic sector assumes a pilot/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the greatest need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and service s through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. Governmental regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online advertising and consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its autho rity under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From thi s came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial Services Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Servi ces Directive (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data i ntegrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the nascent t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. Global trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czech Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 million internet users, Chinas online shopping sales rose to $36. 6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e- commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 trillion yuan ($375. 8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential remains solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetra tion, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having recorded the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the regions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but a lso to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43

Trade Unions in Australia

Table of contents Executive Summary.. scalawag 3 IntroductionPage 4 Benefits of joining a summation. Page 6 Membership lines and impact of legislationPage 7 effectuate of humans Resources on Employees and Union membershipsPage 9 ConclusionPage 10 ReferencesPage 11 Executive Summary Since the 1980s flock wedding membership poetry strike declined rapidly ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 130).Once upon a cartridge holder it was quiet important for employees to be part of a concretion as it entitled them to have a collective voice, and male monarch to build a welcome employment. T present have been more factors that have contributed to this decline in centre memberships such as changes in body of work structure as well as increase in employee numbers (Patmore, 1992, pg 227 ). Changes in legislation by the Howard goernment with the implementation of the 1996 Workplace Relations Act and later the Workchoices Act dependent slyness joints in a large way because contributing to the decline in members.The increasing use of benevolent Resources within businesses is also impacting as employees atomic number 18 choosing to directly consult management over issues rather then involving a third party. With the take party regaining power in 2007 the legislations have right away been adjusted in save of trade Federals. However they be going to have to continue to work hard so employees choose to join sodalitys and deject to go against this declining trend of union memberships (Cooper, 2004, pg 207). IntroductionA trade union is an organisation of employees whose focus is the protection and negotiation of give way rates and conditions of employment ( Balnave et al, pg 536, 2007). By people joining together as a collective not an individual, produces a greater amount of power when dealing with issues such as allowance and working conditions (Balnave et al, 2007, pg125). It is this power that influences changes to occur in employment relations and as a res ult employees perform satisfied with their workplace. trade in unions for many years flat have played a key role in Australias structure of employee relations ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 124 ). It can be noted that trade unions in Australia reckon post to as early as the rebellions made my convicts in regards to their living conditions and have huntd forward to the current issues of employees such as work conditions, pay rates and various other factors (ACTU website). From the years 1850-1990, trade unions were officially established in Australia (ACTU website) and various unions were formed such as the shearers union, seaman union and miners union (ACTU website).In 1901 the NSW Industrial Arbitration Act was passed. This act was bought about in the hope of creating productive workplaces by improving the standards of workplaces ( ACTU website). Also this act issued compulsory arbitrament so that if a dispute did arise within the workplace, it must be bought to the Industrial Rel ations Committee (ACTU website). Since the 1980s trade unions in Australia have declined significantly (Patmore, 1992, pg 225). at a rate of 1% per year then increased to 2% per year in the 1990s. ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 137).There are several reasons as to wherefore this has occurred such as the structure of the workplace, for example the increase in causal labour (Patmore, 1992, pg 227), changes in economic markets, increase in flexibility given to employers over employees, increase in managerial rights and the behaviour of unions over metre (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 138) . The biggest change of all for trade unions in Australia came about in 1996, with the reintroduction of the liberal party under the power of John Howard. It was here that the development of the Workplace Relations Act occurred.This act saw the introduction of Australian Work Agreements (AWAs). These agreements allowed for employers to work closely with their employees to set their get working conditions that would be suited to their work practices. The years following saw the Australian Council of Trade Unions along with the proletariat brass campaigning against Howards creative thinker of industrial relations ( Cooper, 2008, pg 285). In late 2007, the labour regimen regained power of the federal parliament. From here the Rudd government moved to create the Forward with pallidness policy that still stands to date ( Cooper, 2008, pg 286).This was more beneficial for the unions. The unions in time exit remain tarnished from Howards workchoices for quiet sometime and must focus on recruiting rising members (Brigden, 2008, pg 365) if unions are going to remain within Australia. human race Resources practices have also impacted on unions as managers within a workplace are promote to now work directly with their employees, rather then including a third party such as a trade union ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169). Because of this, trade union members will continue to declineBenefits of joining a union Joining a union can be extremely beneficial for its members. A union offers its members the chance to join a collective support rather then fight individually. It increases economic benefits, increases productivity and workplace protection ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 131). The culture of the workplace may also influence ones decision to join a union. When faced with a problem it is a lot easier to proceed to fight this problem if you are part of a collective rather then approach the problem as an individual.In the case of trade unions, the advantage of being part of a collective nitty-gritty that the union can approach management so that matters between management and employees are discussed on a more even intend ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 133). Also being part of a collective group means that members are represented in front of a tribunal, and therefore have come to chance of success ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 135). This is something that a member would expect of the ir membership.Trade unions also prove effective when they act as lobby groups as a means of getting both parliament and the publics attention something that would be hard to do as an individual ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 135). Trade unions are said to increase economic benefits as the presence and influences of a union may create changes in wages and working conditions (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 134). If an employee is satisfied with their wage and conditions then it is most likely that they will be more productive and therefore a greater asset for the company.Being part of a union enables protection for an employee in many areas including training, recruitment, wages and conditions of the workplace (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 132). This protection is important for an employee if their employer is expecting them to be efficient within the workplace. Lastly if the culture of the workplace is very union orientated, an employee is not going to feel comfortable if they as well are not a memb er and vice versa. Therefore culture has an influence. There is also the argument that unions do not offer as many benefits as promised and members do not give any benefits.In terms of economic benefit, yes a union may influence an increase in wages, however in return management may increase work pressure on employees ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 134). At the same time, the decline in union membership numbers is affecting the power of unions to effectively influence management (Balnave et al, 2007, 133). Because of this employees do not see the benefits in joining a union. Membership declines and impact of legislation Since the 1980s union memberships have declined in Australia at an alarming rate ( 2004).Memberships in 1988 stood at 42% opposed to 2003 with a small percentage of 23% (2004). This decline in membership can be explained by different variables such as change in workplace structure such as the move to more casual positions, workplaces employing larger groups of people and poor economic performance. The employers ability to make better wages also tests the need for unions ( Patmore, 1992, pg 227). Due to the close relationships that Trade unions share with the labour party many unions had relied on this relationship to make the conditions and wages for their members more pleasurable (Patmore, 1992, pg 231).So the re- election of the liberal government in the 90s impacted significantly on the declining number of union members as there was no dogmatic relationship between unions and the liberal party. From here on in the traditional Australian model of industrial relations was tarnished as yet again the people had chosen a government who had introduced an anti- union plan ( Barnes, 2005, 370). The first initial major change by the Howard government was the introduction of Workplace Relations ACT of 1996. This Act saw the introduction of Australian Workplace Agreements (AWAs).These agreements enabled the employer and employee to formulate their own agr eement conditions without any input from unions. The agreements had to pass the No Disadvantage Test ensuring that an employee would in no way be single out by these individual AWA agreements (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 146). After winning the Australian peoples vote in the 2004 election, Howards government implemented changes to legislation which are considered to be the most significant in Australias history of industrial relations since the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 ( Riley & Sarina, 2005, pg 343).These changes involved amendments to the Workplace Relations Act of 1996, to puzzle The Workplace Relations Act 2005, which is also known as Workchoices. The prime aim of workchoices was to shift the power in the workplace to be in favour of employers ( Barnes, 2005, pg 373). This introduction of this act really impacted on the involvement of trade unions in countless ways. Firstly they destroyed the No blemish Test, therefore there was no way in which to test employees w ere receiving basic wages and that their conditions of work were up to standards (Riley & Sarina, 2005, pg 342).Also the unions were no longer able to enter workplaces and were restricted to visiting workplaces for recruitment only twice a year. If these rules were breached, penalties did apply ( Cooper, 2004, pg 202). Not only were unions unable to easily approach members and employees, but the Workchoices Act made it difficult for unions to partake in industrial action such as strikes (Barnes, 2005, pg 373). Because of the restrictions that workchoices placed on unions, members were not reaping the benefits they were promised.As a result memberships continued to decline (2004). In response to Howards Workchoices Act the Labour government decided to campaign against workchoice in the hope of winning the opinions of the broader community (Barnes, 2005, pg373). Together with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), the Labour government launched a television campaign that dealt with issues such as job security, and a large direct of unfairness that they believed was occurring in the workplace (Barnes, 2005,pg 375 ).The campaigns must have been some what effective as Labour was elected into power at the end of 2007. This was a great turning point for unions as it was the first time after more then a decade that they had not been confronted with an anti-union government ( Brigden, 2008, pg 365 ). Rudds government worked quickly to make amendment to the liberal governments workchoices with the implementation of the Workplace Relations Amendment (Transition to Forward with Fairness) Act 2008.With this new Act came the removal of AWAs and putting in place a new no disadvantage test. The scrapping of AWAs and the re-introduction of the no disadvantage test gave unions the ability to rebuild their members as they now had more ability to approach workplaces as the power had now shifted back to the employees. Due to the impact of Howards adjustments to industrial relations legislations with the introduction of Workplace Relations Act in 1996 then to the inclusion of the Workchoices Act 2006 unions were restricted on their ability to influence employees.This impacted greatly on the decline in union members. The Fair Work Act2008 implemented by Rudds government looks more promising for the continuation of unions, however to re-gain full respect unions are going to have to double their efforts and increase their efforts in years to come ( Cooper, 2004, pg 203). Effect of Human Resources on Employees and Union memberships With the decrease in unions, there has been a noted increase in the use of human resources techniques in the workplace ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169).Human Resources is the element of a business that deals traditionally with pay and recruitment as well as planning and business performance ( Griffiths & Lloyd-Walker, 2007, pg 2). The techniques adopted by Human resources focus on the individual and their performance within the workplace ( Balnave et al, 2007 pg, 169). For instance businesses are more focused on including employees in their decision making impact and rewarding them through reward systems.Also there are fewer management levels within workplaces which enables employees to be placed on a similar level to higher management ( Patmore, 1992, pg 239). This day and age, HR within a workplace is focused on helping the workforce directly rather then including a third party such as a union ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169). Employees join unions for various reasons as already discussed such as the ability to be hear as a collective voice rather then as an individual, protection from employers, economic benefits and the culture of a workplace (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169).Human Resources techniques offer the ability for employees to become more involved with their workplace decisions, it is possible that employees feel that they are able to easily approach management. Because of this employees feel that there is less need for them to become union members. Therefore because employees are able to voice their opinions and take part in the decision making process of their company, it is more then likely that employees will directly approach their management team rather then involving a third party such as a trade union.This inturn has an impact on the declining rate of trade union members. Conclusion Trade unions have played an important role in industrial relations in Australia (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 124). Originally trade union membership was popular as it offered employees many benefits such as a collective voice and it gives employees a greater amount of power to achieve the pleasant working conditions they are after. For many years now trade union memberships have been declining due to various factors such as the change in workplace structure to more casual employment and companies employing larger work forces.However one of the biggest impacts of all was the re-election of the liberal government in 1996. The drastic changes the government made to industrial relations with the introduction of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 and later the Workplace Relations Act 2005. These acts placed large restrictions on unions and as a result the number of union memberships continued to decline. It wasnt until the Rudd government was elected in 2007 that changes were made to these legislations that enabled unions to play a part in industrial relations once again.The modern practice of Human Resources in the workplace is also said to have impacted on the decline of union membership. Through the use of Human Resources techniques companies are now more inclined to directly deal with their employees rather then have a third party involved. This is well suited to employees and they may feel more comfortable just approaching management rather then be apart of a union which involve fees. The re-election of the labour government in 2007 lead to the changes in legislation that unions needed if they are going to regain their level of importance in industrial relations.However unions are going to have to work hard at doubling their efforts at recruiting employees if trade unions are going to have a positive history in Australia (Cooper, 2004, pg 208). References Balnave, N, Brown, J, Maconachie G, & Stone, RJ 2007 Employment Relations in Australia, 2nd edn, Wiley, Milton, QLD. Barns, A, 2005 Trade Unionism in 2005, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 48, no. 3, pp 369-383 Brigden, C, 2008 Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2008, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 51, no. 3, pp 365-378 Cooper, R, 2005 Trade Unionism in 2004, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 7, no. 2, pp 202-211 Cooper, R, 2008 Forward with Fairness? Industrial Relations under Labour 2008, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 51, no. 3, pp 285-296 Griffiths, J & Lloyd-Walker, 2007 Human Resources Management, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Australia, French Forest, NSW. Patmore, G, 1 992, The future of trade unionism- an Australian perspective, International Journal of Human Resources Management, vol. 3, no. 2 pp 225-239 Riley, J, & Sarina, T, 2005, Industrial legislation in 2005, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 341-355 active Trade unions, Australian Council of Trade Unions, viewed 10th April, 2010 http//www. actu. org. au/About/Tradeunions/default. aspx Unions History 1900- 1960, Australian Council of Trade Unions, viewed 10th April 2010 http//www. worksite. actu. asn. au/fact-sheets/unionshistory-1900-1960. aspx Feature article- Trade union membership, Australian Bureau of statistics, viewed 10th April 2010 http//www. abs. gov. au/AUSSTATS/emailprotected nsf/featurearticlesbyCatalogue/592D2F759D9D38A9CA256EC1000766F7? OpenDocument

Myths that Hide the American Indian Essay

Nearly everyone in this world is guilty of stereotyping against a certain race, religion, ethnic group, nationality, and so on One of those groups that are stereotyped is the ingrained Americans. Ever since the Europeans discovered the New World, there have figments about the domestic Americans that lead to this stereotyping. In the essay, Myths That Hide the American Indian by Oliver La Farge, some(prenominal) of those falsehoods are brought up.Due to these myths about the indigen Americans, hoi pollois views, past and present, of who and what they are have become extremely distorted, or essentially hiding the inborn Americans from white people. One of the m any myths that the Europeans created about the Native Americans is that they are bloodthirsty, ruthless savages. Oliver La Farge does a good job in his essay of discounting this myth by giving multiple examples of how most groups of Native Americans were a peaceful group of people that just were not quite as well devel oped socially, economically, technologically, etc.as the Europeans. Because of this lack of development on behalf of the Native Americans, the Europeans looked at the Native Americans as uncivilized savages. The reason that this myth was even created was to justify the slaughtering of thousands of Native Americans at the hands of the Europeans, with the justification being that they were inferior beings, which is another myth brought up. Once the Europeans had conquered the Native Americans, this myth was altered, now proclaiming that the Native Americans were drunken, lazy good-for-nothings.La Farge also discounts this reveal of the myth in his essay. Going back to the point of the Europeans thinking they were superior a superior race when being compared to the Native Americans, that would happen in any situation if the circumstances were similar because it is human nature to believe that if one race able to conquer another race, then they will believe they are superior. This is o ne of the continuing myths that have hid the Native Americans from white people.Another one of the myths that plagued the Native Americans is that the early European settlers tended to assume that all or most of the Native Americans had one culture and that they were all at about the same stage of development. This myth could not be further from the truth. The tribes and nations that occupied North America change enormously, and their condition was anything but static (pg. 7). The cultures of the Native Americans were like snowflakes no two were alike.Many different types of cultures are described in detail in the essay, proving that the myth is completely wrong. Each tribe of Native Americans had a culture that, while considered backwards and wrong by the Europeans, was unique. This myth helped to hide the Native Americans from white settlers because if the whites got to kip down the culture of one tribe, they would just assume that all of the other tribes had identical cultures. If that culture they learned had some barbaric practices, like the Aztecs sacrificing men by lachrymation out their hearts, they would assume that all tribes did that and further prove the myth that Native Americans were savages. That is how this myth hid the Native Americans from white people. The first myth that was ever started about the Native Americans is the Noble Red Man or Child of Nature myth. What this myth is about is the Europeans considered the Native Americans to be children of nature.Also, it credited the Indian with either a perceptiveness for flowery but dull oratory or an inability to communicate beyond Ugh and grunts (pg. 4). This myth puts the Native Americans on the same level as an animal. If the Europeans judgement the Native Americans were that ignorant, then it is no wonder why they thought that they were a superior race. The Native Americans became hidden by this myth because it is so completely specious and completely misrepresents them as a whole beca use they had developed languages and could communicate with one another.Myths about Native Americans have, and will continue to be a cause of people stereotyping them. Because of the stereotyping, most people will never know the truth about Native Americans and they will remain hidden from white people. This stereotyping has gone so off the beaten track(predicate) that today, Native Americans will get dressed up for tourists in a costumes and put on war dances just to please tourists who believe in the myth because if they did not, the tourists would question the legitimacy of them. That is how myths of the Native Americans have hid them.

4th Amendmant and Probable Cause

In the United States, the police must, whenever practicable, obtain advance judicial approval of searches and seizures through the appropriate sanction procedure. In most instances, failure to comply with the assure requirement female genitals only be excused by exigent band. There should be circumstances sufficient to warrant a prudent man to believe that the person stopped had committed or was committing an offense. Intrusions upon constitutionally guaranteed rights must be based on more than unarticulated hunches, and simple good faith on part of the policeman is not nice.The facts should prove reasonable inferences derived from unusual lease. A person whitethorn assert violation of his ordinal Amendment rights in connection with search or seizure only if he can demonstrate a legitimate presentiment of privacy in the area searched or items seized. To establish, for Fourth Amendment purposes, a legitimate expectation of privacy in area searched or items seized, defendants must demonstrate (1) essential expectation of privacy and (2) that this expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as objectively reasonable. under Fourth Amendment, police are authorized to conduct a warrantless protective pat-down of individuals they encounter in the field so long as their concerns are justified by reasonable suspicion of possible danger. Under the Fourth Amendment, police may execute warrantless searches incident to a uprightnessful arrest, as it is reasonable for authorities to search an arrestee for weapons that might threaten their safety, or for bear witness which might be destroyed.The United States Supreme Court has explicitly determined that a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy in an automobile belonging to another. Though the passenger does not have a standing to challenge the search of car that he does not own, he can unagitated challenge the lawfulness of his own detention when the car is stopped at a drug interdiction checkpoint, and therefore, he can seek to suppress each usher seized as fruit of his allegedly banned detention.Even assuming that drug interdiction checkpoint was legal, much(prenominal) that the police officers did not violate the passengers Fourth Amendment rights by stopping the vehicle in which he was riding, a passengers detention was held to be independent and separate from officers discovery of drugs during the search of the vehicles driver/owner consensual search of the vehicle. The stop and search of a moving automobile can be made without a warrant but, automobile or no automobile, there must be probable cause for the search.Probable cause to search exists when there is a fair luck that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a specific place. Standards of reasonable suspicion and probable cause, as used to evaluate constitutionality of investigative stops and searches, are not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules but quite an are common sense, non- technical conceptions that deal with factual and practical con postrations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent persons, not legal technicians, act.Standards are bland concepts that take their substantive content from particular contexts in which standards are being assessed. The United States Supreme Court held that brief, suspicion-less seizures at highway checkpoints for the purposes of combating drunk driving and intercepting illegal immigrants were constitutional. The Fourth Amendment requires that searches and seizures be reasonable. A search and seizure is ordinarily unreasonable in the absence of severalise suspicion of wrongdoing.When officers have reasonable suspicion that occupants of a vehicle are engaged in criminal activity, they may briefly stop the vehicle to investigate. Police may make an investigative stop of a vehicle when they have reasonable suspicion of an ongoing crime, whether it be a felony or misdemeanor, including dru nk driving in jurisdictions where that is a criminal offense. Police may also make a stop when they have reasonable suspicion of a completed felony, though not of a mere completed misdemeanor.The judicatory in various cases held that for purposes of determining whether an investigatory stop is justified by reasonable suspicion, the following instances may be taken in to account, as the work violation of failure to stay within lanes, a drivers slowing down, stiffening of posture, and failure to acknowledge a sighted law enforcement officer might intumesce be unremarkable in one instance, such as a busy San Francisco highway, while quite unusual in another, such as a remote portion of rural southeastern Arizona. But a brief veering out of a lane of travel on a windy day does not give probable cause to the police to stop the vehicle.In making reasonable-suspicion determinations, reviewing courts must look at the heart of the circumstances of each case to see whether the detaining o fficer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing. Totality of the circumstances approach to making reasonable-suspicion determinations allows officers to tie beam on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that might well elude an untrained person.Although an officers reliance on a mere hunch is insufficient to free an investigatory stop, the likelihood of criminal activity need not upgrade to the level required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence standard. Although the concept of reasonable suspicion required to justify an investigatory stop is somewhat abstract, the United States Supreme Court has deliberately avoided reducing it to a neat set of legal rules.In determining whether individualized suspicion is required to support a stop of a motorists vehicle, the United States Supreme Court co nsidered the nature of the interests threatened and their connection to the particular law enforcement practices at issue. The Court is particularly reluctant to recognize exceptions to the widely distributed rule of individualized suspicion where governmental authorities primarily pursue their widely distributed crime control ends.While subjective intentions on the part of police officers play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis, checkpoint stops may be relevant to the validity of Fourth Amendment intrusions undertaken pursuant to a general scheme without individualized suspicion. The United States Supreme Court determined that checkpoints set up for general crime prevention, including drug interdiction, do not pass constitutional muster under the Fourth Amendment.The United States Supreme Court noted that checkpoint cases only hold in exceptions to the general rule that a seizure must be accompanied by some measure of individualized suspicion. An Anato my of a Criminal running play Most criminal trials follow a uniform set of procedures. The many rituals associated with modern trials have developed over centuries. Americas common law heritage makes it possible for all states and the federal government to follow a largely uniform set of procedures. Assuming that the trial is carried out to completion, those procedures are as followsDecision on pronounce or jury. The defense decides whether it wants the case tried by a judge or a jury (the prosecution cant require a jury trial). Jury selection. If the trial will be held before a jury, the defense and prosecution select the jury through a question and answer process called voir dire. In federal courts and many state courts, the judge carries out this process using questions suggested by the attorneys as well as questions that the judge comes up with on his or her own. Evidence issues.The defense and prosecution request the court, in advance of trial, to admit or exclude legitimat e evidence. These requests are called motions in limine. Opening statements. The prosecution and then the defense make opening statements to the judge or jury. These statements provide an outline of the case that each side expects to prove. Because n each side wants to look foolish to the jury, the attorneys are careful to promise only what they think they can deliver. In some cases the defense attorney militia opening argument until the beginning of the defense case.Prosecution case-in-chief. The prosecution presents its main case through direct examination of prosecution witnesses by the prosecutor. Cross-examination. The defense may cross-examine the prosecution witnesses. Redirect. The prosecution may re-examine its witnesses. Prosecution rests. The prosecution finishes presenting its case. Motion to dismiss (optional). The defense may move to dismiss the charges if it thinks that the prosecution has failed to produce enough evidence even if the jury believes it to support a guilty verdict. Denial of motion to dismiss.Almost always, the judge denies the defense motion to dismiss. defense team case-in-chief. The defense presents its main case through direct examination of defense witnesses. Cross-examination. The prosecutor cross-examines the defense witnesses. Redirect. The defense re-examines the defense witnesses. Defense rests. The defense finishes presenting its case. Prosecution rebuttal. The prosecutor offers evidence to repel the defense case. Settling on jury instructions. The prosecution and defense get together with the judge and craft a final set of instructions that the judge will give the jury.Prosecution apogee argument. The prosecution makes its closing argument, summarizing the evidence as the prosecution sees it, and explaining why the jury should render a guilty verdict. Defense closing argument. The defense makes its closing argument, summarizing the evidence as the defense sees it, and explaining why the jury should render a not guilty verdict or at least a guilty verdict on a lesser charge. Prosecution rebuttal. The prosecution has the last word, if it chooses to do so, and again argues that the jury has credible evidence that supports a finding of guilty. Jury instructions.The judge instructs the jury about what law to apply to the case and how to carry out its duties. (Some judges preinstruct juries, reciting instructions before closing argument or even at the outset of trial. ) Jury deliberations. The jury deliberates and tries to reach a verdict. Most states require unanimous agreement, but Oregon and atomic number 57 allow convictions with only 10 of 12 votes. Post-trial motions. If the jury produces a guilty verdict, the defense often makes post-trial motions requesting the judge to override the jury and either grant a new trial or acquit the defendant.Denial of post-trial motions. Almost always, the judge denies the defense post-trial motions. Sentencing. Assuming a conviction (a verdict of guilty) , the judge either sentences the defendant on the spot or sets sentencing for another day. To read and printout a copy of the Form please link below. Checklist Documents Your Attorney Will Need Be Sociable, Share Twitter Facebook email StumbleUpon Delicious Google Reader LinkedIn BlinkList Digg Google Bookmarks Myspace Post to Twitter