Essay about Post War Impact of Vietnam - 1717 Words

Post War Impact of Vietnam Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried is an excellent piece of metafiction. While highlighting the revulsions of the war, O’Brien often times narrates his personal experiences in Vietnam. Line between fiction and actual account of the war is typically blurred. Book is not only quite descriptive but it also perfectly conveys the horrors and realities of combat. For this research paper I will analyze Tim O’Brien’s ‘The Things They Carried’ and examine the transformations faced by young men, lack of support for returning Vietnam veterans and the bias portrayed in the media. Vietnam war has been one of the most deadliest and expensive wars to date. Not only it resulted in massive casualties and financial losses,†¦show more content†¦Jimmy Cross is also in love with this girl named Martha. He constantly dreams about her during the day just to escape the reality of war. Martha often sends him letters and photographs of herself. â€Å"They were often signed Love, Martha, but Lieutenant Cross understood that Love was only a way of sighing and did not mean what he sometimes pretended it meant.†(O’Brien 2). This shows us another facet of people back home, who somehow felt obligated to communicate with the soldiers. Many soldiers upon return discovered that women that they were in love with had left them for someone else. As the story progresses we read that Jimmy Cross is so occupied with thoughts about Martha that it results in death of one of his men, Ted Lavender. He is riddled with guilt, which later on he confesses to O’Brien back in the US. Its not entirely clear if Ted died due to Cross’s negligence, yet like many veterans he constantly blames himself. Although Jimmy is smart, he is not a great leader and oftentimes questions his own decisions. He like most of other young men follows commands from HQ even if he doesn’t necessarily agree with them. â€Å"The filth seemed to erase identities, transforming the men into identical copies of a single soldier, which was exactly how Jimmy Cross had been trained to treat them, as interchangeable unit of command.†(Obrien 156) In this paragraph we get a glimpse inside the military officerShow MoreRelatedHistory Course Outline787 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia in the Vietnam War Era * Changing Rights and Freedoms * People Power and Politics in the Post-war Period * Australia’s Social and Cultural History in the Post-War Period Australia in the Vietnam War Inquiry questions †¢ How did the Australian government respond to the threat of communism after WWII? †¢ Why did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? †¢ How did various groups respond to AustraliaÂ’s involvement in the Vietnam War? †¢ What was the impact of the war on AustraliaRead MoreZiek Sanchez. Massie And Perry . Pd. 3. April 12, 2017.1113 Words   |  5 PagesZiek Sanchez Massie and Perry Pd. 3 April 12, 2017 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder From The Vietnam War The Vietnam war was one of the most alarming and dangerous wars to fight. Every step in the Vietnam jungle was taken cautiously. The guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong was frightening to anticipate. The majority of the United States army was only that of young men who had been chosen through the draft. Young men going to school and living a life at home in safety all the sudden having to makeRead MoreAmerica ´s Hostile Response to the Vietnam War and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 1630 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Vietnam War contribute to the high number of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder victims? Plan of Investigation In this investigation, the personal side of the soldiers who fought in the Vietnam war will be examined- particularly the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that were most common in veterans, and the different experiences in the war or after returning home that could have caused them. The types of warfare, deaths, and differences from methods used in the Vietnam War willRead MoreThe Vietnam War Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Like any other war the Vietnam War had a lot of devastating effects after the war ended. It also had many causes that changed many things after this war. The Vietnam War was fought between 1964 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos, and in bombing runs over North Vietnam.1.There were two opposing sides. On one side it was a coalition of forces including the United States, the Republic of Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea. AndRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Bloody1502 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War was a long and bloody one. The war began on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. The war lasted nearly 20 years. Over this period, 9,087,000 men from United States were deployed, 58,220 were killed and more than 300,000 were wounded. The war also killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, and 200,000 South Vietnamese troops. The Vietnam War was the first war America ever lost and this lost would lead to a heavy impact on theRead MoreThe Vietnam War: The Mental, Social, and Physical Effects on the Soldiers1402 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1961 the worst war ever fought by America had just started. The Vietnamese of the north also known as the Viet Cong had invaded the south to take control of the entire country. America and other democratic countries felt the spread of communism to this country would be a stepping-stone for other communistic countries around the world, also known as the Domino Effect. America, as cocky as they were, invaded Vietnam to help the southern Vietnamese. Although America is one of the most powerful countriesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1149 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst taken seriously when the Vietnam veterans returned from the war. Combat experience is the most commonly linked to this disorder. However, studies have shown that there are many different causes. These studies were applied to a wide variety of traumas that people have experienced in various horrific events. According to The National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"about 4% of American adults ages 18-54 suffers from PTSD in a given year. These people have served in wars, have been raped or mugged,Read MorePsychological And Emotional Effects Of War On Soldiers1500 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of War on Soldiers We have all seen or read about the political and social upheavals caused by war. Some may have even experienced it first-hand. Throughout history war has had negative psychological implications on those effected. However, there is no greater negative impact of war than the psychological and emotional turmoil that it causes individual soldiers. To narrow down the scope of these psychological effects, I have chosen to focus on the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was, in myRead MorePolitical And Social Upheavals Caused By War1533 Words   |  7 Pagescaused by war. Some may have even experienced it first-hand. Throughout history war has had negative psychological implications on those effected. However, there is no greater negative impact of war than the psychological and emotional turmoil that it causes individual soldiers. To narrow down the scope of these psychological effects, I have chosen to focus on the U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War during the period 1962 to 1973. The Vietnam War was, in my opinion, the first war that reallyRead MoreThe Vietnam War And The Cold War1494 Words   |  6 Pages When examining the Vietnam War you must first understand the involvement of the events surrounding the Cold War. The ‘Vietnam War’ as it is known is a product of the cold war era, by this I mean that events in the Cold War led to the US’s involvement and creation of issues causing the conflict. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United

Disability in an Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum

Question: Critique of the attitudes towards disability in an undergraduate nursing curriculum. Answer: Summarization of three websites and tutorial for future students The literature search on the topic of the nursing problem that has been chosen is the people with disabilities and their care in the current nursing system. The emphasis on the special care for the patients with disabilities and the inclusion of the topic in the nursing curriculum is done in the research. The different databases like pubmed, cinahl and Cochran library has been used for the research resources as these are known sources on the medical and nursing field. Website 1 Care for the patients with disabilities needs special training of the staff and the special approach to health care delivery. This is a point of contention between specialists on the sector as they are the ones who determine the care delivery models and develop them as such that they can be applicable for the patient population with as little change as possible. So the care for the patients with disabilities needs special and different approach to that which is employed in the case of the normal patients. So by this literature presented in the website it is clear that the patients with disabilities need special care model for optimum care delivery (Drscheln I, 2013). Website 2 The second literature concentrates on the care of the children with disabilities and proper way to care for them which is not present in the nursing curricula. So the literature presents the option of changing the curriculum for the nurses to include the care of the children with disabilities as a special part of the course (Ilkhani M, 2015). Website 3 This website presents the literature that is concerned with the attitude of the student nurses in New Zealand toward patients with disabilities. It has been established from the previous literatures that the patients with disabilities need special attention from the nurses caring for them. So the care for the patients and the inclusion of the care for disabled in the curriculum is dependent on the attitude of the nurses so the need to change the outlook to change the attitude is the topic of the research (Seccombe, 2007). Critique of the literature Research problem The research problem in this topic is the centred on the patients with disabilities. The problem that is concern of the researcher is the specific care model development suitable for the disables patients and the attitude of the students and their acceptability to the new care model that should be proposed. Primary empirical sources The primary sources are the sources where the research has been conducted firsthand and data has been collected from the sources and analysed and a conclusion drawn. Empirical sources are the sources where the empirical data has been collected and analysed and the data collected research and observation has used the empirical data to come to the conclusion of the research. The different articles analysed in the first chapter are empirical sources and the other empirical sources are marked in the references section of the research. The secondary data uses the information collected by some other researchers in the research so the data used in the research to come to a definite conclusion or decision is second hand. Some books that have been used in the research are full of secondary data. They are also marked in the references section. Some of the journal articles that are cited in the research are the sources where the data collected is firsthand but the collected data is not empirical but numerical. So these sources can be marked as primary sources but not empirical ones. Current references The references that are used in the researches are current compared to the literature although some of them are old but they are original researches which point out the different problems in the care model employed in the hospitals. So they are treated as important resources in the literature. Usually the articles and books that are based on researches based on the years between 1991n and the present are considered as current. Relevant studies The relevant studies are identified and described in the literature review and the studies are all on the topic of nursing education and the attitude of the care givers and the caregivers in training towards the patients who have disabilities that require a different approach from the normal one that is usually taught in the nursing curriculum. So the studies that have been used in the literature are appropriate in the case and they are all relevant to the research problems that have been described in the first chapter of the critique. The articles and the books that have been used in the study are based on the nursing education and the research revolves around the changes in the current system which might change the attitude of the student nurses in the region and abroad towards the [patients with disabilities and can be used in the future give better healthcare service to the patients with disabilities. Relevant theories No relevant theory has been used in the literature that is being critiqued and the criteria used to find it out is to analyse the literature critically and see if any reference to any theories has been used in the literature review. The articles that have been used as primary sources in the literature might contain some useful and relevant theories that can be used in the study but they have definitely been not used in the literature review. References of some statements that would have been better explained with the help of the relevant theories that have definitely been part of the original literature used as source but they have not been used in the review to make sense of the problem at hand. So in this case the literature is sorely lacking and there is no way to demonstrate the necessary theories in the literature. So the article is able to explain the problem and refer to the different literature which is relevant but it could have been better and more understandable with the h elp of a few theories. Landmark studies The word landmark means noticeable geographical feature of an area but in this case the word land mark means some important study that is noticeable. In some specific field that is diverse some study that addresses some academic feature of the area that has never been explored before is called landmark studies. There is one land mark study that is used in the literature which is the following Bishop, J., Caygill, D., Mace, Cl, Ross, R., Taylor, S., Tuczemskyi, E., Richardson, M. 1990. Disabled for a day. Nursing Times 23. This study is done on the basis of personal experience of the researcher and the disability and the disabled people and their care in the normal day has been described. Here the first person perspective of the problems that are faced by the disabled people. It is a study that looks into the daily lives of the disabled people and points out the problems they face to the people who are not disabled and without this study would have been unable to see things from the perspective of the disabled. This is why the study is a landmark study. Critique of relevant studies The relevant studies have been critiqued in many instances and the study itself revolves around the statements made which critique the relevant literature. Some of the instances where the relevant literature have been critiqued are Students' previous experiences, expectations, the contact and nature of the contact along with staff support were all elements which contributed to changing attitudes (Murray Chambers 1991) Positive attitudes to disabled people develop through a combination of education,information and supported contact (Chan Cheng 2001; Eichinger et al 1991; Happell,2000; Procter Hafner, 1991). Utilizing the knowledge and experiences of disabled people or parents of disabled children in the educational process is also recommended (Heaton, 2002; Scullion 1999a). Paraphrasing The number of quotations in the literature is minimum and most of the statements that are taken from the other sources of literature are in almost all of the cases paraphrased to conform to the flow of the literature review. So the result is one flowing literature which is not disjointed in any way and the information gleaned from the other sources is incorporated seamlessly in the review. The result is a complete piece of literature so paraphrasing has been used in the literature to make the flow of words smoother. Current knowledge The current knowledge is used in the literature review as the sources that have been cited are of recent years and the articles which has been the primary source of the information in this literature goes up to the date of publication so, it is clear that the sources that has been used are current. So it can be guessed that the older literatures that are used in the literature are used when some information has not been used in the current ones. There is also the assurance of the researcher that the current similar sources if found would have been used in the literature. Gaps in knowledge The gaps in knowledge has been addressed by the researcher as the researcher concentrated on filling in the gaps in the literatures by suggesting ways of the changes in the curricula=um to make the knowledge of the student nurses more complete. So it can be assumed that all of the gaps in the literature have been addressed by the researcher in the same way and the resultant research is one of the most complete pieces of literature in the subject. Structure The structure of the literature review is controlled and segmented in different parts based on the topic and the proper introduction and conclusion part is also added. the result of the effort given by the researcher is one complete piece of literature that has the concise structure and the information is presented in a systematic way. Logical conclusion The study is based on the logic that the current curriculum for the nurse students is incomplete as they do not propose as different care model for the patients with disabilities. So the study revolves around the fact that the case that is concerned with implementing the necessary changes in the nursing students curriculum so that the care of the disabled patients are included specifically in the study. So it is clear that the logic of the study is based on the case that is built on the foundations of the researches on the topic. So there is logic behind the structure of the literature and the conclusion. References Cristian, A. (2009). Medical management of adults with neurologic disabilities. New York: Demos Medical. Drscheln I, e. (2013). [Nursing patients with learning and physical disabilities in hospitals - a systematic literature review]. - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23384844 [Accessed 27 Jun. 2016]. Embregts, P. (2009). Residential treatment following outpatient treatment for children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities: A study of child and family characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(5), pp.1062-1067. Farrar-Schneider, D. (1991). Pain in children: Nature, assessment, and treatment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 12(1), pp.106-107. Ilkhani M, e. (2015). Nursing curricula relating to care for disabled children: literature review. - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190753 [Accessed 27 Jun. 2016]. Patients with physical and mental disabilities. (1993). Chicago, Ill.: American Dental Association, Council on Community Health, Hospital, Institutional and Medical Affairs. Perel, I. (1992). Deinstitutionalization at a large facility: A focus on treatment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13(1), pp.81-86. Seccombe, J. (2007). Attitudes towards disability in an undergraduate nursing curriculum: A literature review. Nurse Education Today, 27(5), pp.459-465.

Rise of Islam free essay sample

Examines political, economic, social religious conditions conducive to teachings leadership of Muhammad subsequent military conquests in Arabia in 7th Cent.

Death Essays (679 words) - Death Customs, Undertaking, Mourning

Death Essays (679 words) - Death Customs, Undertaking, Mourning Gurtegh Hora Period 1 Death is inevitable that one cannot escape and avoid the pain and sorrow that follows. Death cannot be avoided in any way, shape or form. This is seen in both poems Funeral Blues by W.H. Auden and Spring and Fall: To a Young Child by Gerard Manley Hopkins 1918. Death is so dreadful that it impacts everything starting with the environment and leading all the way to the outcomes of death. Death is so horrific that it even affects nature and the environment of one as a whole. He was my North, my South, my East and West, symbolizes that this man was her everything, her whole entire world, but could not stay with her forever. In the third stanza, Auden uses Metaphors to display how much the past meant to the narrator. Auden says that we must "stop the dog from barking," "silence the pianos," and bring out a "muffled drum. In the first stanza, there is a lot of Imagery that brings upon a feeling of grief, sadness and emotion. Margaret are you grieving/Over Goldengrove unleaving? Which brings up a very sad emotion because the leaves are are beginning to fall. There is use of Illiteration with the words grieving and Goldengrove, emphasizing its importance. Frequently people find themselves in a situation where they are unable to deliberate death openly. I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong. This displays that she couldnt have him forever. The use of Syntax was essential in this case because it calls for pause giving more depth to the sentence, and shows how the girl must be very sad do to her loss. In the second stanza, Auden describes having airplanes "circle moaning overhead Scribbling on the sky" indicating about how this person's loved one had died. There is a heavy use of Personification because airplanes aren't capable of moaning or scribbling; but giving an airplane the ability to do so adds a key element to the poem. It gave off the feeling that the airplane is mourning a death as well. Margaret is in the "spring" of her life and she is only a "young child,". But even though she's young, she's already starting to realize (due to the leaves falling) and that she will eventually grow old and die. The main device us ed here was Juxtaposition, which contrasts between youth and age, innocence and knowledge, spring and fall. The end results after a person or one has passed away or is going to one day, is a feeling that you cannot overcome. It is the blight man was born for/It is Margaret you mourn for. She is not mourning for the leaf, she mourning because she realizes that one-day she will fall just as the leaves. Also there is use of Illiteration with blight and born, blight-meaning burden gives the last to lines more emotion. As well as Conflict because she will mourn her own death one day. For nothing now can ever come to any good. Displays how the world isn't big enough to hold the pain of the death has taken place, and its not enough to go up, one must come back down. This is worst that could happen, it could one get better from this point on. The words that sated the first three line of the poem Stop, Prevent, Silence indicates negativity and death. Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come, shows that a he is dead and now mourning his death is last thing to do. Death is so significant that it last everyday until one lives there last day. The environment, people/family and the end results of death are all major points seen throughout the writings. When someone dies, it kills the person mourning day in and night. Death is not an easy thing to overcome when you know its approaching or it has already occurred, as displayed by these two poems.

MUSIC in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MUSIC in Britain - Essay Example They have a fusion of different genres of music: sacred, secular, popular and new age music. Each of the Great Nations that originally made up the Great Britain-Ireland, Whales, England, and Scotland- maintained a unique instrumentation and music forms. British music was largely impacted by continental developments. British composers contributed a lot to significant music movements in the Great Britain. Such movements included the polyphony that later gave birth to national as well as international classical. Over the ages British musicians created distinctive musical forms such as carol, antiphons, the rota, and Countenance Angloise. Church music predominant in the 16th century was largely influenced by the Protestant Reformation. Thus, the songs and music at this time were themed around worship, national music and belief. Following the church music was the Baroque, largely viewed by critiques as a culmination of masques, lute ayres, and English magrigals during the Renaissance Period (Baggett et al. 1996, p24). The Baroque music was developed in the 17th century. By contrast, court music was more integrated into the larger Great Britain. It is important to mention that the Baroque music was largely associated by the British Isles. Baroque music was predominant between the medieval time and the Renaissance. It became more formalized and fully accepted orchestral classical music in the mid 18th century. The music was differentiated with intricate musical ornamentation, variation in musical notes, novel instrumentation; and new techniques of playing instruments as the ascent of musical forms such as opera. Although traditionally used in the dawn of the 17th century, the full impact of Baroque music was not felt until mid 17th century; the effects were delayed due to native reluctance in incorporating the music, wars between the Great Nations, as well as cultural and religious differences. With

Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Family - Essay Example society by extension stick together just to have the very basic and important company of others, for it is through such company that the reserves of good feelings are built to arrest personal and/or societal crises more effectively. Right from one’s achievement in life to day-to-day troubles, the desire to first and foremost share with the family is immeasurable. As Carson (2005) notes in his book titled â€Å"Think Big†, â€Å"life is but a series of partings†; as much as individuals may gain trustable friends during a lifetime, the role played by the family unit remains incomparable, for the bond within is irreplaceable and goes to the very foundation an individual’s life, with children and adults alike always feeding in from a chain that ever revolves from that basic foundation. In a world full of turmoil and uncertainties, the individual’s development, more particularly with regards to emotional and physical fulfillments, all depends to a greater extent on the family unit. No matter what make it up, whether adoptive or nature given, a family provides the safety net for every individual, the young or the old, the educated or the unlucky ones, at work or at home, to be fed, nurture one’s abilities, and most importantly, to give and be given; for this is the very reason why we stick together, work together to find the best attainable solutions to the everyday challenges that all humans, irrespective of place of origin, age and/or race faces almost in equal

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay QUESTION 1 A INTRODUCTION â€Å"The best and most successful organisations recognise that they will only prosper in the long term if they satisfy the aspirations of their stakeholders; including customers, suppliers, employees, local communities, investors, governments, public interest and environment groups. To satisfy this intense scrutiny and the demands for greater accountability in society, businesses and other organisations are increasingly recognising the need to measure, track and report on their social and ethical performance.† Ethics in purchasing and supply management can relate to a wide range of issues from doubts about suppliers business procedures and practices to corruption. Decisions on ethics and corporate social responsibility are at the heart of corporate strategy. They particularly influence the purpose of the organisation. By ethics and corporate social responsibility is meant the standards and conduct that an organisation sets itself in its dealings within the organisation and outside with its environment. Ethics is particularly concerned with the basic standards for the conduct of business affairs for example, policy with regard to honesty, health and safety and corrupt practice. Corporate social responsibility has a wider remit to include the organisation’s responsibility beyond the minimum to its employees and those outside the organisation. Topics will vary with each organisation but may include environmental ‘green’ issues, treatment of employees and suppliers, charitable work and other matters related to the local or national community not conforming to approved standards of social or professional behavior; unethical business practices QUESTION 1 B INTRODUCTION The Chartered Institute of Management defines codes of ethics as a set of principles or values, used by organizations to steer the conduct of both the organization itself and its employees, in all their business activities, both internal and in relation to the outside world. Ethical codes go further than most policy statements in that they are focused on matters of right and wrong rather than just on standards of behavior and applies individually as well as collectively to the organsation’s members, and affects its internal affairs as well as those with its external stakeholders. Code of Ethics in Relation to Internal Issue This is a code that applies to all employees involved in the purchasing process within Kyerico. In addition to full compliance with the Kyerico’s General Business Principles, all affected employees shall: 1. ACT HONESTLY AND ETHICALLY * Carry out their duties in an honest and ethical way by ensuring that business policies and practices are aligned with ethical principles. * Maintain the confidentiality of privileged information acquired in the course of their work, except when disclosure has been authorized or is legally obliged. * Act in good faith, responsible, with due care, competence and diligence, without allowing one’s independent judgment to be subordinated. Provide information that is true and not designed to mislead. * Clearly communicate ethical expectations to those with whom they work. * Refrain from using or appearing to use confidential information acquired in the course of one’s work for unethical or illegal advantage either personally or through third parties. * Ensure the integrity of records; including documenting obtained discounts in a proper form. 2. AVOID CONFLICTS OF INTEREST * Avoid actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships. No actions should be taken and interests outside Kyerico should be avoided that may make it difficult to perform his or her company work objectively and effectively. No direct or indirect financial interest in a supplier or competing company is allowed. * The acceptance of gifts or personal favors of commercial value is not acceptable, which includes invitations to sporting or social events. It is to be made clear to third parties that personal favors can only influence the business relationship negatively and that business decisions are based solely on benefits to Kyerico and not on considerations of past or future personal gain. 3. FOLLOW A FAIR PROCESS TO SELECT SUPPLIERS AND AWARD BUSINESS TO SUPPLIERS * Support the principle of fair competition as a basis for selecting suppliers and awarding business to suppliers. * While considering the advantages to Kyerico of maintaining a continuing relationship with a supplier, avoid any arrangement that could, in the long term, prevent the effective cooperation of fair competition. * Fully comply with the internal purchasing process of purchase requests and purchase orders when awarding business to a supplier. No purchase will be done without a purchase order. * Not share information related to quotes from suppliers with any other supplier at any time. 4. SELECT SUPPLIERS THAT COMPLY WITH HIGH ETHICAL STANDARDS * Select suppliers and award business to suppliers that are committed to act fairly and with integrity towards their stakeholders and that duly observe the applicable rules of the law of the countries they operate in. * Terminate the relationship with suppliers that do not adhere to general Kyerico’s policies for suppliers, like the child labor and forced labor policies. Code of Ethics in Relation to External Issues This is a code that applies to all suppliers dealing with Kyerico. In addition to full compliance with the Kyerico’s General Business Principles, all affected suppliers shall: 5. CHILD LABOUR SHALL NOT BE USED * There shall be no new recruitment of child labour. * Suppliers shall develop or participate in and contribute to policies and programmes which provide for the transition of any child found to be performing child labour to enable her or him to attend and remain in quality education until no longer a child. * Children and young persons under 18 shall not be employed at night or in hazardous conditions. * These policies and procedures shall conform to the provisions of the relevant ILO standards. 6. NO DISCRIMINATION IS PRACTICED * There is no discrimination in hiring, compensation, access to training, promotion, termination or retirement based on race, caste, national origin, religion, age, disability, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, union membership or political affiliation. 7. LIVING WAGES ARE PAID * Wages and benefits paid for a standard working week meet, at a minimum, national legal standards or industry benchmark standards, whichever is higher. In any event wages should always be enough to meet basic needs and to provide some discretionary income. * All workers shall be provided with written and understandable Information about their employment conditions in respect to wages before they enter employment and about the particulars of their wages for the pay period concerned each time that they are paid. * Deductions from wages as a disciplinary measure shall not be permitted nor shall any deductions from wages not provided for by national law be permitted without the expressed permission of the worker concerned. All disciplinary measures should be recorded. * Employment practices such as training or apprenticeship wages, pre-employment fees, deposits, or other practices that effectively lower an employees pay below the legal minimum wage are not permitted. 8. SUPPLIERS’ TREATMENT OF EMPLOYEES * Under no circumstances should suppliers abuse or intimidate, in any fashion, employees * Any disciplinary measures should be recorded. * Suppliers should have a grievance/appeal procedure that is clear, easy to understand and should be given to the employee in writing. * In the event that suppliers employees are unable to read, the grievance/appeal procedure should be read and explained to them by a union representative or another appropriate third party 9. WORKING CONDITIONS ARE SAFE AND HYGIENIC * Suppliers shall provide a safe and hygienic working environment, bearing in mind the prevailing knowledge of the industry and of any specific hazards. Adequate steps shall be taken to prevent accidents and injury to health arising out of, associated with, or occurring in the course of work, by minimising, so far as is reasonably practicable, the causes of hazards inherent in the working environment. * Workers shall receive regular and recorded health and safety training, and such training shall be repeated for new or reassigned workers. * Suppliers shall ensure access to clean toilet facilities and to potable water, and, if appropriate, sanitary facilities for food storage shall be provided. * Accommodation, where provided, shall be clean, safe, and meet the basic needs of the workers. * The supplier observing the code shall assign responsibility for health and safety to a senior management representative. 10. HEALTH AND SAFETY * Suppliers shall ensure a safe and healthy workplace and provide a written safety and health policies and procedures that minimize negative impacts on the workplace environment, reduce work-related injury and illness, and promote the general health of employees. * Suppliers must provide training and adequate equipment to ensure workplace safety practices. * Suppliers should assign responsibility for health and safety to a senior management representative * Suppliers should have appropriate health and safety policies and procedures and these should be demonstrable in the workplace QUESTION 2 Purchase management is the maintenance of an efficient supply chain (from raw materials to manufacturing to customers). It also involves several functions including: finding suppliers, estimating the cost of materials, contracting with suppliers, purchasing materials, negotiating, handling purchasing problems and maintaining purchase records. It is also responsible for controlling the cost of the goods ordered, controlling inventory levels and building strong relationships with suppliers. Employees who serve in this function are known as buyers, purchasing agents, or supply managers There are two major types of purchasing: purchasing for resale (retail and wholesale businesses) and purchasing for consumption (industrial businesses). Effective purchase management is essential to keeping the costs of developing products low and ensuring the development process is fast and productive. Because the process of developing products is so expensive, purchasing must be carefully managed and constantly improved. Several factors are key to effective purchasing management. Among these are: skilled purchasers, cost-effective, quality materials and reliable suppliers.