Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle

Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle Abstract Perception of intelligence among different communities varies to a great deal depending on the socio-economic and political factors. The Kpelle people of Liberia had a different perception of intelligence from the Zulus of South Africa. The best way of measuring intelligence in such unique communities is to base the measurements on the local parameters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Perception of intelligence varies from one community to the other across the world. While one community may value consultation when making decisions, others cherish creativity or even the ability to process information very fast. The parameters used to measure intelligence in one community may be very different from the parameters used in another community. In this assignment, the researcher seeks to compare how the Zulu people of South Africa and Kpelle people of Liberia perceive intelligence. The researcher will look at their perception towards issues such as domestic violence, initiations, and marriages. Discussion According to Matsumoto (2001), different African communities perceived intelligence differently. This scholar says that the Zulu people of South Africa valued communal work very much. They considered intelligence to be the ability to consult the elders whenever one is making a critical decision. The elders were the think tanks for this society because of their knowledge gathered from years of experience. This community still cherishes the need to consult the elders when making decisions even in the face of the current Westernization in this country. On the other hand, the Kpelle people of Liberia valued creativity in decision-making. Even though they also cherished the relevance to consult, their environment posed many challenges that needed creative ideas. Members of the society who were ab le to come up with creative ideas on how to solve the problems of the society were held in high regards. When their creative ideas helped in solving some of the environmental problems, the society members would consider them heroes. It may not be easy to use a universal test to measure the intelligence between these two communities. As Valsiner (2012) notes, each of these cultural groups defined their measure of intelligence based on the environmental factors. For instance, the Kpelle people of Liberia had different environmental factors from the Zulu people of South Africa.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When using cognitive abilities such as memory, organization, and visualization, the two communities compare very closely. These cognitive factors were particularly important in defense. They had to remember the militaristic of their enemies based on the ex periences and organize themselves when it was evident that the community was under attack, and visualize some of the best strategies that can be used to counter the enemy. As Langley (2012) notes, such strategic approaches to solving problems were not restricted to addressing the threat of an attack. They were also important when addressing other social problems.  One of the cultural practices that were common among the people of Kpelle is the marriage ceremony. In such important stages of life, the society considered intelligence to be the manner in which the couple engaged their elders in their wedding preparations. Although a young man was allowed to look for a life partner of his choice, he would be considered an intelligent young man if he involved his parents and elder members of his community in investigating the background of the preferred bride. This is very different from what was traditionally practiced among the Zulu people of South Africa. Among the Zulu people, the p arents arranged marriages. Intelligence in this case would be the ability to accept the choices made by the elders because it was believed that they could see far into the future (Matsumoto Juang, 2012).  Another area that is worth analyzing is the issue of domestic violence within these two African communities. Among the Zulus of South Africa, men were regarded as the absolute authority in their families. Wife battering was something normal as long as it was not tragic. Such incidents were not considered domestic violence. Every man had the liberty of choosing how to solve his family problems. On the other hand, the Kpelle of Liberia valued the position of women in the society. Although men were superior to women, wife battering or any form of violence was considered a point of weakness on the side of the man perpetrating the violence (Kitayama Cohen, 2007). When measuring intelligence between these two different communities, it will be important to avoid using universal approa ches such as those proposed in the formal education. It will be necessary to base the measurement on the community’s parameters. One should understand why a given community cherished a specific pattern of behavior and not the other. It is through this approach that it will be possible to understand their perception towards intelligence (Smith, 2008). Conclusion Different communities perceived intelligence differently based on their socio-cultural, economic, and political factors. The analysis done above on the two different African communities shows that what one community may consider as an act of intelligence may be considered an act of folly in another community.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When measuring intelligence in each of these cultures, it may be necessary to base the measurement on their own context and pe rception towards life. References Kitayama, S., Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford Press. Langley, T. (2012). Batman and psychology: A dark and stormy knight. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Matsumoto, D. (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Matsumoto, D. R., Juang, L. P. (2012). Culture and psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Smith, M. K. (2008). Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences. Retrieved from http://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/ Valsiner, J. (2012). The Oxford handbook of culture and psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Risk Management - Essay Example This will directly led to the third principle of transparency and inclusion, which means that stakeholders have knowledge of the risks which includes them in the knowledge of the potentials. The fourth principle is that risk assessments are used for the decision making process, which allows for informed decisions. Finally, the principle of using the best possible information also adds value to the assessments, making risk have meaning and purpose when analyzed against the benefits within a decision making process. The following paper will discuss these five principles and their influence on risk management assessments. The Five Most Important Principles of Risk Management 1. Introduction There are a great number of issues that arise when considering managing risk within an organization. The five most important principles of risk management are to address uncertainty explicitly, be tailored to the needs of the organization, promote transparency and inclusion, be a part of the decision making process, and be based on the best available information (Wood 2012, p. 32). Without these five guiding principles, risk management would be difficult and without the value that makes it an essential part of the processes of the organization. ... .if you know neither the enemy or yourself, you will succumb in every battle† (Wood 2012, p. 119). Risk management is the art of creating knowledge of the organization and knowledge of the competing forces in order to win the battle of competition. Risk management defines the organization for its weaknesses and vulnerabilities while also defining the external forces that could cause issues through those weaknesses and vulnerabilities. 2. Addressing Uncertainty Explicitly It is the uncertainty of the future that defines the need for risk management. A good analysis can be done in a short time or could be longitudinal in its process. A good analysis will also have created no specific perspective from which conclusions have been drawn – there is no point of view. Risk is surgically incised, the offending aspect of business is taken out, dissected for its value, and then placed into a treatment plan through which the effect that it might have is mitigated through solutions t hat have been designed towards creating effective decisions (Yoe 2011, p. 95). In order to create an effective identification of the risks that will present themselves, the risk manager must be precise. General risk identification does not provide enough information for the manager to work towards mitigating that risk. Risks must be aggressively and explicitly identified so that they can be addressed through meaningful decision making and action. The identification of risk means that it must be explicit in order to classify the risk so that it may be prioritized. Without knowing exactly how the risk is manifested, the use of that information is not valuable (Whitman 2010, p. 167). A risk manager must be precise

Case Study Paper also referred to as the Applied Learning Theory Paper

Paper also referred to as the Applied Learning Theory Paper - Case Study Example In Kounin’s ‘Teacher With-it-ness theory’, the teacher must balance all of these aspects of childhood personality development and social learning methods in order to be able to control and transform the tensions that appear in the classroom and school. In this manner, a combined approach that takes the best of these theories and applies them to education and classroom management as Patricia P. Willems and Alyssa R. Gonzalez-DeHass do in â€Å"Educational Psychology Casebook† can lead to a more efficient learning process for both the teacher and students in public education or private schools. Development - Case 19: Erikson’s Personality Development Statement of Problem: â€Å"To Belong or Not to Belong† Mr. Turner is a 10th grade teacher is a three-year high school with both male and female students. The students have no dress code or uniforms, and come from a wide variety of diverse social backgrounds. Mr. Turner has a â€Å"Goth† stud ent in class who he identifies with in her inter-personal relationship struggles with other cliques in the school. Mr. Turner is not certain how to motivate the full range of his students or why they are not all preparing their assignments or completing the readings. He has a reputation of taking on large problems at the school and in teaching deep themes in English literature. Mr. Turner discusses the problems with the cliques with another teacher who advises him to take a more influential role in the character development of the students and to become more involved in building outreach to the community. Mr. Turner does not see the problem involving a wider solution outside of the classroom. Analysis: In Erik Erikson’s theory of human development, the girls are in the adolescent stage representative of Erikson’s 5th stage of personality development representing ‘Identity’ and ‘Identity Conflicts

Gender of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender of art - Essay Example The two males are putting on suits, with the groom donning a black coat, white shirt and a yellow tie, and on the right side of the coat’s lapel, there is a yellow flower. The other male is donning a blue jacket, with a white shirt and a maroon tie and a light maroon pocket-handkerchief on the top left pocket of the jacket. On the lower left side of the painting is a woman who seems to be having mixed feelings as she seems to be grinning while at the same time her grin has a mild sadness to it with the eyes closed. The man seated on the left shows content in his facial expression while the younger girl on the lower right side of the painting seems to be cynical of the whole ceremony being portrayed in the painting as shown by her gaze fixed away from the main theme. The faintly painted entrance or exit on the background acts as a reference point indicating the physical location or context of the scenario, which in this case an indoor private ceremony given the few number of pe ople portrayed by the painting. This analysis of the geographical context of the painting is further augmented by the flowers Strause has included on the lower left side next to the seated woman. ... Strause uses well-defined and bold lines, which appear carefully planned to paint the figures of people in the artwork, indicating her precision and accuracy in painting. The background has shades of light green, blue and white which seem to have been done in a manner to portray them as if they were left unfinished. Items on the surface in front of the female figure on the lower left of the painting have also been painted as if left unfinished. The artist has used a variety of techniques in applying oil paint in the artwork, as some subjects in the painting appear carefully planned leaving no spaces while in other instances, the artists application of the oil paint on canvas appears to be more inconsistent and seems to have been done in alacrity. This shows enthusiasm of the artist in her work while on the other hand application of the paint with careful planning creates a feeling of easiness and patience. As I sit and view this artwork, my eyes are occasionally veer from the pair of scissors and the rope tied in a knot on the left top and right top of the painting respectively to the focal point around the wedding couple cutting what appears to be a wedding cake. This movement happens mainly because of the bold lines the artist has applied in painting the two objects at the top and the color intensity of the bride and grooms costumes. The pair of scissors and the knot are standing out since the artists has painted them in a manner that makes them appear isolated from the other subjects in the piece while the focal point, that is the wedding couple have been painted using very intense colors as seen with the groom who is donning a black suit. The

Dangers of Passive Smoking Essay Example for Free

Dangers of Passive Smoking Essay The topic chosen for the environmental factor that poses a threat to the health or safety of infant is secondhand smoke. According to the center for disease control and prevention, Secondhand smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles that includes smoke from a burning tobacco product such as a cigarette, cigar, smoke that has been exhaled or breathed out by the person or people smoking. The parent I shared the pamphlet with is a 25year old African American mother of a 5year old male child. She has a high school diploma, single mother and works as a clerical associate in a private institution. The objective of the pamphlet was to educate her on the need to be aware of the danger of second hand smoke to her child, to make her environment as smoke free as possible and to know the resources out there for use when needed. The importance of the pamphlet was also explained to her because it can be used as a source for information or an avenue to reach out to resources, to know the effects of secondhand smoke. The effects of secondhand smoke to her child such asthma, ear infections, breathing problems, bronchitis and sudden infant death syndrome was also included to enhance her knowledge. During the interaction, she was very receptive of teaching, eager to learn, she also asked questions which were relevant to the topic that was discussed. She is not a smoker, but was concerned about the safety of her child because the neighbors in her apartment building smoke, sometimes in front of her building. The need to remove her child from the area as much as possible when the smoking is going on was stressed, she has a pediatrician that the child goes to for checkup. Understanding of the pamphlet by the parent was demonstrated by the relevant questions she asked such as how to protecting her child from secondhand smoke, and what type of illness occur from secondhand smoke , answers were provided to the questions from evidenced-based research. My impression of the experience is an exciting one and it went well, but there is always room to improve because nursing is a continuous process, and the feeling that I am putting my skill of educating the parent to better care for her ch ild and to protect the child as much as possible.

Risk Management Analysis Essay -- Business Management

This assignment will discuss the theoretical basis of financial risk, because managers need to be aware that financial risk its present in all sectors of activity so that they can run business efficiently and take advantageous investment choices, considering the different types of financial risk relevant to the current economic climate, as well as evaluating the methods available to business for managing, and by observing a case study where risk management has possibly failed. Risk is the doubt about future gains or losses, thus such doubts reveal that some future expectation and their impact cannot be predicted Chorafas (2008). Markowitz cited in Brigham, Gapenski and Ehrhardt (1999), argues that the portfolio theory can get high expected returns on investment with low levels of risk. therefore, risk can be spread and consequently eradicated so does not concern investors, thus the only worrying risk for managers , is the market risk which cannot be eliminated. However, Arnold (2002), suggest that this fails to assert that portfolio risk does not need to be considered, thus resulting with a problem with the theory, because it uses historic data returns to support decision making about potential investments, and as risk is about uncertainty is difficult to calculate future events, therefore this theory may have gaps. Alternatively Brigham et al. (1999), argues that the CAPM model establishes a causal relation between risk and return on assets, where investors have the same expectations about the expected return and there are no transaction costs and taxes. However, Pike and Neale (1999) suggest that some concerns may occur related to the validity of this model because there are transaction costs and taxes which are sources o... ... Hillson, D., & Murray-Webster, R. (2007).  ´Ã‚ ´Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude ´Ã‚ ´. ( 2nd ed.). England: Gower Publishing Limited. Hamada, R. S., Bain, G., & Gerrity, T. P. (1998).  ´Ã‚ ´ Mastering Finance: single-source guide to becoming a master of Finance ´Ã‚ ´. England: Pearson education: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Neale, B., & McElroy, T. (2004).  ´Ã‚ ´Business Finance: A Value-Based Approach ´Ã‚ ´. England: Pearson Education; Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Pike, R., & Neale, B.(1999). Corporate finance and investment : decisions and strategies. London ; New York : Prentice Hall. Voon-Choony, Yap., Hway-Boon, Ong., Kok-Thim, Chan., & Yueh-Sin, Ang. (2010). European Journal of Economy Finance and Administration Science.  ´Ã‚ ´Factors Affecting Bank ´s Risk Expoujiusure: Evidence from Malaysia ´Ã‚ ´. Issue 19, retrieved from: http://www.eurojournals.com/ejefas_19_09.pdf

Biology 2160: Test Questions

Question 1 5 out of 5 points The nutrients fall into ______ classes Answer Selected Answer: 3. 6 Correct Answer: 3. 6 †¢Question 2 5 out of 5 points The most energy-rich of the nutrients is: Answer Selected Answer: 2. fat Correct Answer: 2. fat †¢Question 3 5 out of 5 points All of the following nutrients are organic EXCEPT: Answer Selected Answer: 1. minerals Correct Answer: 1. minerals †¢Question 4 0 out of 5 points Effects of physical activity on the body include all of the following EXCEPT: Answer Selected Answer: 5. all of the following are effects of physical activity Correct Answer: 1. decreased bone density Question 5 5 out of 5 points Carbohydrate and protein each contain __ calories in a gram. Answer Selected Answer: 2. 4 Correct Answer: 2. 4 †¢Question 6 5 out of 5 points The abundance of types of foods today has made it: Answer Selected Answer: 1. more difficult to plan a nutritious diet Correct Answer: 1. more difficult to plan a nutritious diet †¢Question 7 5 out of 5 points Your family always has rice available at every meal, just as it has been for every generation. This is an example of ____ of food selection. AnswerSelected Answer: 1. cultural tradition Correct Answer: 1. cultural tradition †¢Question 8 5 out of 5 pointsA study conducted in several countries where a high intake of fish and a low intake of animal fat were correlated with a low rate of breast cancer death is an example of a(n): Answer Selected Answer: 1. epidemiological study Correct Answer: 1. epidemiological study †¢Question 9 0 out of 5 points Scientists have developed a new type of margarine containing plant ingredients they think will lower blood cholesterol levels in people who use the margarine. They want to test this by having some people use the new margarine for a while and then compare their cholesterol levels with those of a group of people who use regular margarine.This is an example of what type of research design? Answer Selected Answer: 4. laboratory study Correct Answer: 3. intervention study †¢Question 10 5 out of 5 points The main purpose of the national research projects, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), is to: Answer Selected Answer: 2. determine what the nutrient and dietary intakes of the population in our country are Correct Answer: 2. determine what the nutrient and dietary intakes of the population in our country are