E Commerce

E-commerce advantages and disadvantages E-commerce provides many new ways for businesses and consumers to communicate and conduct business. There be a number of advantages and disadvantages of conducting business in this manner. E-commerce advantages Some advantages that batch be achieved from e-commerce include Being commensurate to conduct business 24 x 7 x 365 . E-commerce organisations can operate exclusively day every day. Your natural storefront does non need to be open in order for customers and suppliers to be doing business with you electronically. Access the global foodstuffplace . The internet spans the world, and it is possible to do business with any business or person who is connected to the Internet. Simple local businesses much(prenominal) as specialist record stores atomic number 18 adequate to mart and sell their offerings internationally using e-commerce. This global opportunity is assisted by the fact that, unlike traditional communications methods , users be non charged match to the distance over which they are communicating. Speed. Electronic communications allow messages to traverse the world al to a greater extent or less instantaneously. There is no need to wait weeks for a separate to arrive by post that communications delay is non a part of the Internet / e-commerce world. Marketspace. The foodstuff in which web-based businesses operate is the global market. It whitethorn not be evident to them, but many businesses are already facing international competition from web-enabled businesses. Opportunity to reduce be.The Internet makes it very easy to take a crap around for products and serve that may be cheaper or more in force(p) than we baron former(a)wise settle for. It is whatevertimes possible to, d superstar some online research, identify headmaster manufacturers for some goods thereby bypassing wholesalers and achieving a cheaper p sieve. Computer platform-independent . Many, if not most, computers tu rn in the ability to communicate via the Internet independent of operating systems and hardware.Customers are not limited by existing hardware systems (Gascoyne & Ozcubukcu, 199787). Efficient applications development environment In many respects, applications can be more efficiently developed and distributed because the can be create without regard to the customers or the business partners technology platform. Application updates do not have to be manually installed on computers. Rather, Internet-related technologies provide this capability inherently finished automatic deployment of software updates (Gascoyne & Ozcubukcu, 199787). Allowing customer self service and customer outsourcing. People can interact with businesses at any hour of the day that it is convenient to them, and because these interactions are initiated by customers, the customers as hale provide a lot of the entropy for the transaction that may some separatewise need to be entered by business staff. This m eans that some of the work and costs are utilely shifted to customers this is referred to as customer outsourcing. Stepping beyond borders to a global view. employ aspects of e-commerce technology can mean your business can source and use products and services provided by former(a) businesses in other countries. This seems obvious enough to say, but people do not always moot the implications of e-commerce. For example, in many ways it can be easier and cheaper to host and operate some e-commerce activities outside Australia. Further, because many e-commerce transactions involve acknowledgement cards, many businesses in Australia need to make arrangements for accepting online payments.However a number of major Australian banks have tended to be un military serviceful laggards on this front, charging a lot of money and making it difficult to establish these arrangements particularly for smaller businesses and/or businesses that dont fit into a traditional-economy understanding of business. In some topics, therefore, it can be easier and cheaper to set up arrangements which bypass this aspect of the Australian banking system. Admittedly, this can create some grey areas for legal and taxation gets, but these can be dealt with.And yes these circumstances do have implications for Australias national competitiveness and the competitiveness of our industries and businesses. As a further thought, many businesses obtain it easier to buy and sell in U. S. dollars it is effectively the major currency of the Internet. In this context, global online customers can find the concept of peculiar and unfamiliar currencies disconcerting. Some businesses find they can achieve higher prices online and in US dollars than they would achieve sell locally or nationally.Given that banks often charge fees for converting currencies, this is another reason to wonder all of your (national and international) options for accepting and making online payments. In brief, it is useful to take a global view with regard the potential and organisation of your e-commerce activities, especially if you are targeting global customers. A new selling send. The Internet provides an measurable new channel to sell to consumers. Peterson et al. 1999) suggest that, as a marketing channel, the Internet has the following characteristics the ability to inexpensively store vast amounts of tuition at distinct virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) locations the availability of powerful and inexpensive means of searching, organising, and disseminating such instruction inter activeness and the ability to provide schooling on demand the ability to provide perceptual experiences that are far superior to a printed catalogue, although not as rich as personal inspection the capability to serve as a transaction strong suit the ability to serve as a somatogenetic distribution medium for certain goods (e. g. , software) relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers no other existi ng marketing channel possesses all of these characteristics. Some of these advantages and their surrounding issues are discussed below in further detail. E-commerce disadvantages and constraints Some disadvantages and constraints of e-commerce include the following. Time for lecture of corporal products . It is possible to visit a local music store and walk out with a compact disc, or a reservestore and leave with a book.E-commerce is often used to buy goods that are not available locally from businesses all over the world, meaning that corporeal goods need to be delivered, which takes time and costs money. In some cases there are ways around this, for example, with electronic files of the music or books being accessed crosswise the Internet, but then these are not physical goods. Physical product, supplier & delivery uncertainty . When you walk out of a shop with an item, its yours. You have it you know what it is, where it is and how it looks. In some respects e-commerce purch ases are made on bank.This is because, graduationly, not having had physical access to the product, a purchase is made on an expectation of what that product is and its condition. Secondly, because supplying businesses can be conducted across the world, it can be uncertain whether or not they are legitimate businesses and are not just going to take your money. Its pretty hard to crash on their door to complain or seek legal recourse Thirdly, even if the item is sent, it is easy to start wondering whether or not it allow for ever arrive. Perishable goods . Forget close ordination a single gelato ice cream from a shop in RomeThough specialise or refrigerated transport can be used, goods bought and sold via the Internet tend to be durable and non-perishable they need to survive the trip from the supplier to the buy business or consumer. This shifts the bias for perishable and/or non-durable goods back towards traditional supply cosmic string arrangements, or towards relatively more local e-commerce-based purchases, sales and distribution. In contrast, durable goods can be traded from almost anyone to almost anyone else, sparking competition for subvert prices.In some cases this leads to disintermediation in which intermediary people and businesses are bypassed by consumers and by other businesses that are seeking to purchase more directly from manufacturers. Limited and selected sensory information. The Internet is an effective conduit for visual and auditory information seeing pictures, auditory reek sounds and reading text. However it does not allow full scope for our senses we can see pictures of the flowers, but not smell their fragrance we can see pictures of a hammer, but not feel its weight or balance.Further, when we pick up and inspect something, we choose what we look at and how we look at it. This is not the case on the Internet. If we were looking at buying a car on the Internet, we would see the pictures the seller had chosen for us to se e but not the things we might look for if we were able to see it in person. And, taking into account our other senses, we cant test the car to hear the sound of the engine as it tilts gears or sense the smell and feel of the leather seats. There are many ways in which the Internet does not convey the richness of experiences of the world.This lack of sensory information means that people are often much more lucky buying via the Internet generic goods things that they have seen or experienced before and around which there is little am plumpinguity, rather than unique or complex things. Returning goods. Returning goods online can be an area of difficulty. The uncertainties surrounding the initial payment and delivery of goods can be exacerbated in this process. Will the goods get back to their source? Who pays for the return postage? Will the refund be paid? Will I be left with nothing?How long will it take? Contrast this with the offline experience of returning goods to a shop. Pr ivacy, protective cover, payment, identity, contract. Many issues arise privacy of information, hostage of that information and payment details, whether or not payment details (eg credit card details) will be misused, identity theft, contract, and, whether we have one or not, what laws and legal legal power apply. Defined services & the unexpected . E-commerce is an effective means for managing the transaction of cognize and established services, that is, things that are everyday.It is not suitable for dealing with the new or unexpected. For example, a transport company used to dealing with simple packages being asked if it can transport a hippopotamus, or a customer asking for a book order to be wrapped in blue and white polka dot paper with a bow. Such requests need human intervention to investigate and resolve. Personal service . Although some human interaction can be drived via the web, e-commerce can not provide the richness of interaction provided by personal service.For most businesses, e-commerce methods provide the equivalent of an information-rich counter attendant rather than a salesperson. This besides means that feedback about how people react to product and service offerings also tends to be more granular or perhaps lost using e-commerce approaches. If your solo feedback is that people are (or are not) buying your products or services online, this is inadequate for evaluating how to change or improve your e-commerce strategies and/or product and service offerings.Successful business use of e-commerce typically involves strategies for gaining and applying customer feedback. This helps businesses to understand, anticipate and meet changing online customer necessitate and preferences, which is critical because of the comparatively rapid rate of ongoing Internet-based change. Size and number of transactions. E-commerce is most often conducted using credit card facilities for payments, and as a yield very small and very large transactions ten d not to be conducted online.The size of transactions is also impacted by the economics of transporting physical goods. For example, any benefits or conveniences of buying a box of pens online from a US-based business tend to be eclipsed by the cost of having to pay for them to be delivered to you in Australia. The delivery costs also mean that buying individual items from a range of different overseas businesses is significantly more expensive than buying all of the goods from one overseas business because the goods can be packaged and shipped together.E CommerceElectronic commerce, crudely know as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a persona of diligence where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer nedeucerks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic entropy inte rchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World massive Web at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, favorable media, and telephones as easily. Electronic commerce is slackly considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the transposition of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating inside an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and tender media Electronic Data Interchange (ED) , the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching potential and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security measures of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce amidst companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships betwixt and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts address that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized contented, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the gage largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Business-to- establishment e-commerce or B2G is slackly defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the public sector assumes a pilot program/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the superior need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies emergence the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of fall e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain und eveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the festering of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they extremity from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. nomadic Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of select for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. political regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade boot (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online publicizing and consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM put to work of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission figure regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its sureness under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in somatic privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 worldwidely there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From this came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN orifice since April 2001. It is a portal to discover complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific sparing Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through bleak and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulat ions throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is cover under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial service Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Services guiding (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Art icle 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the profit to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data equity and security are very eager and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the uphill t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. world(prenominal) trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when deliberate by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czechoslovakian Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest parting to the enterprises inwardness revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 trillion internet users, Chinas online shop sales rose to $36. 6 jillion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge maturement has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese sellers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e-commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 gazillion yuan ($375. 8 gazillion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is intercommunicate to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will mates 5% of total retail passel in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential ashes solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from conk out sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having enter the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the regions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by 4 economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43E CommerceElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World Wide Web at least at one point in the transactions life-c ycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (ED), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling T he security of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Bu siness-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the public sector assumes a pilot/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the greatest need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctio ns, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. Governmental regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online advertising a nd consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair t rade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From this came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial Services Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Services Directive (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consump tion, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the nascent t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. Global trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czech Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 millio n internet users, Chinas online shopping sales rose to $36. 6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e-commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 trillion yuan ($375. 8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy dou ble-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential remains solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having recorded the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the reg ions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of booksell er, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43E CommerceElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDILinventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses he World Wide Web at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and paym ent aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. E-commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall Buying or Selling on various websites and/or online marketplaces The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (ED), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security of business transactions Types of e-commerceedit The major different types of e-commerce areBusiness-to-Business (82B) 82B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. Abo ut 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that 82B e- commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The 82B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information purchasing physical goods i. . , tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books) and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Business-to-Government (826) Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations.This kind of e-commerce has two features first, the pub lic sector assumes a pilot/ leading role in establishing e-commerce and second, it is assumed that the public sector nas the greatest need tor making its procurement system more ettective. Web- based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e- commerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers. It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and service s through wireless technology-i. e. , handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users. Governmental regulationedit In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e- mails, online advertising and consumer privacy.The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. 24 Using its autho rity under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. 25 As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e- ommerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. 26 Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of nformation among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding.From thi s came Econsumer. gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region. In Australia,Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines tor electronic commerce, 27 and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission28 regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,29 and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. 30 Also Australian government e-commerce website31 provides information on e-commerce in Australia. In the United Kingdom, The FSA (Financial Services Authority)32 is the competent authority for most aspects of the Payment Servi ces Directive (PSD).The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (Pls), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. 33 Formsedit Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering digital ontent for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to meta services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data i ntegrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, m-Commerce as well as the nascent t- Commerce34 channels are often seen as the current 2013 poster children of electronic I-Commerce. Global trendsedit In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita. 35 The Czech Republic is the European country where ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. 36 Among emerging economies, Chinas e-commerce presence continueswhen? to expand. With 384 million internet users, Chinas online shopping sales rose to $36. 6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. 37 Chinas cross-border e- commerce is also growing rapidly. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2. 3 trillion yuan ($375. 8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9. % of Chinas total international trade 38 Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 201 5, at 2010 values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Brazils ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014.By 2016, eMarketer expects retail ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17. 3 billion. 39 Indias ecommerce growth, on the other hand, has been slower although the countrys potential remains solid considering its surging economy, the rapid growth of internet penetra tion, English language proficiency and a vast market of 1. billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet throug n PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3 million). E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26. 1 million to 37. million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites. ecommerce is also expanding across the Middle East. Having recorded the worlds fastest growth in internet usage between 2000 and 2009, the region is nowwhen? home to more than 0 million internet users. Retail, travel and gaming are the regions top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of region-wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportationcitation needed.E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but a lso to engage them. 4041 In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. 42 Impact on markets and retailersedit Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified rice competition, as it increases consumers ability to gather information about products and prices.Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshopsand travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend. 43